{"id":92454,"date":"2019-05-11T22:09:48","date_gmt":"2019-05-11T19:09:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=92454"},"modified":"2019-05-11T22:26:30","modified_gmt":"2019-05-11T19:26:30","slug":"makale-venezuelladan-yakin-donem-enerji-gorunumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/makale-venezuelladan-yakin-donem-enerji-gorunumu\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Makale: Venez\u00fcella\u2019dan Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nem Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu makalenin amac\u0131 1998’de Hugo Chavez’in iktidara gelmesinden bu yana sosyalist rejimle idare edilen hali haz\u0131rda ABD y\u00f6netimi destekli muhalefetin bask\u0131s\u0131na s\u00fcrekli maruz haldeyken ittifak deste\u011fini asker ve kiliseden almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Maduro idaresinde olan, ekonomisi petrol gelirlerine dayal\u0131 ve dahi enflasyonu 7 haneli rakamlara dayanm\u0131\u015f olan Venezuela’n\u0131n insani, siyasi ekonomik askeri konjonkt\u00fcr\u00fcne yak\u0131n tarihten enerji \u00f6zelinde bir bak\u0131\u015f sunmakt\u0131r.<\/h1>\n

Venezuela topraklar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 28.384.000 n\u00fcfusuyla 916.445 kilometrekare civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130spanyolca resmi dildir. Venezuela’n\u0131n do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131, onu engin ekonomik potansiyele sahip bir \u00fclke yapmaktad\u0131r. Petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, merkezi y\u00f6netim gelirinin % 50’sini ve ihracat\u0131n % 90’\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Orta Do\u011fu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck geleneksel petrol rezervlerine ve ayn\u0131 zamanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinden birine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\"\"G\u00fcney Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyindeki tropik ku\u015fakta yer alan, resmi ad\u0131\u00a0Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Cumhuriyeti\u00a0olan Latin Amerika \u00fclkesi. Venezuela\u2019da temel y\u00f6netim birimi eyaletler. 23 eyalet, biri ba\u015fkent olmak \u00fczere 10 idari b\u00f6lge ve 72 adadan meydana gelen Venezuela ba\u015fkanl\u0131k sistemiyle y\u00f6netiliyor. N\u00fcfusun %96\u2019s\u0131 Katolik Hristiyan, halk\u0131n % 2\u2019sinin \u00e7e\u015fitli Protestan Hristiyan mezheplerine, geri kalanlar da di\u011fer dinlere mensuptur. Resmi dilin \u0130spanyolca oldu\u011fu Venezuela\u2019da yerli kabilelerin dilleri de konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkenin ismi olan Venezuela, 1499\u2019da b\u00f6lgeye d\u00fczenlenen yeni bir sefere komutanl\u0131k yapan \u0130spanyol denizci Alonso de Ojeda\u2019ya dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Venezuela’daki ilk \u0130spanyol yerle\u015fimi ise Coquibacoa b\u00f6lgesinin y\u00f6netiminin 1502\u2019de Ojeda\u2019ya verilmesiyle fiilen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1522 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn Venezuela’n\u0131n Sucre Eyaleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti olan Cumana\u2019da G\u00fcney Amerika ana karas\u0131ndaki ilk kal\u0131c\u0131 \u0130spanyol yerle\u015fimi kuruldu. Ard\u0131ndan 1525\u2019te Margarita Adas\u0131, 1527\u2019de Venezuela, 1532\u2019de Trinidad, 1568\u2019de Nueva Andalucia (Yeni End\u00fcl\u00fcs) ve Guayana\u2019da \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netim birimleri olu\u015fturuldu. Venezuela topraklar\u0131, bu tarihten itibaren b\u00f6lgedeki madencilik ve tar\u0131m faaliyetleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan adeta bir merkez \u00fcss\u00fc i\u015flevini kazand\u0131. 1717\u2019de Nueva Granada (Yeni Granada) Alt krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 haline gelen b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130spanyol y\u00f6netimi, 1777\u2019de Venezuela Genel Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0(Capitania General)\u00a0ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z darbeler Venezuela’n\u0131n siyasetinde \u00f6nemli olaylar oldu. Hugo Chavez, 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda se\u00e7ilmi\u015f cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez’i devirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir darbe giri\u015fimde bir grup subay y\u00f6netti\u011finde darbenin “\u015fimdilik” ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011funu yayan televizyon yay\u0131nlar\u0131yla \u00fcnlendi. Sonras\u0131nda Chavez, 1998 se\u00e7imlerinde oy sand\u0131klar\u0131ndan iktidara geldikten sonra 2002’de\u00a0 onu devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in k\u0131sa bir ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 giri\u015fimde bulunsalar da, sad\u0131k birlikler onu cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirdi\u011finde otoritesini daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019da 1998\u2019den itibaren Chavez\u2019in “21. y\u00fczy\u0131l sosyalizmi”<\/em>\u00a0dedi\u011fi plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc haricinde, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve medyadan madencili\u011fe kadar farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00f6zel giri\u015fimler kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu haliyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en az rekabet\u00e7i ekonomilerinden biri olan Venezuela, gelirlerinin %90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 petrol ihracat\u0131ndan elde ediyor. Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden \u00dclkeler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc(OPEC) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f petrol rezervini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00fclkeler listesinde Venezuela’y\u0131 2012’de Suudi Arabistan’\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7irerek ilk s\u0131raya yerle\u015ftirdi.\u00a0OPEC raporuna g\u00f6re\u00a0d\u00fcnya petrol rezervinin % 24,8\u2019i Venezuela topraklar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yat\u0131yor. \u00dclkenin di\u011fer ihra\u00e7 kalemleri ise tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, \u00e7elik, boksit, al\u00fcminyum ve baz\u0131 mamul maddelerden ibarettir.<\/p>\n

Venezuela 1999\u2019da Chavez\u2019in iktidara gelmesinden bu yana Venezuela’n\u0131n iplerini elde tutma \u00e7abas\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan Ocak(2019) ay\u0131nda Guaido\u2019nun Trump taraf\u0131ndan yasal ge\u00e7i\u015fin me\u015fru devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriz esnas\u0131nda ve ABD\u2019nin i\u00e7 sava\u015fa ve darbeye \u00e7anak tutan Maduro aleyhtar\u0131 politikas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir kere daha arkas\u0131nda durdu\u011fu bir \u00fclke. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u015fkent Karakas\u2019ta Ticaret M\u00fc\u015favirli\u011fi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kaynaklar T\u00fcrk \u0130n\u015faat firmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede sosyal konut in\u015faat\u0131 gibi projelerini ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye ile Venezuela aras\u0131nda 2010 senesinde Ankara\u2019da imzalanm\u0131\u015f Enerji \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 mevcuttur. Venezuela lideri Nicolas Maduro\u2019nun belirtti\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 konsorsiyumun temelleri; T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Bolivarc\u0131 Venezuela Cumhuriyeti Petrol ve Madencilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015fma ile at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu anla\u015fma Bakanlar Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan onaylanarak 13 Ocak 2017 tarihinde Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131na Turkish Petroleum International Company, Venezuela’daki rafineriden sa\u011flanacak petrokoku rekabet\u00e7i bir fiyatla pazarlay\u0131p satabilecektir. Bu sat\u0131\u015ftan sa\u011flanacak finansmanla Venezuela’daki mevcut liman ve ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemi iyile\u015ftirilmesi hedeflenmi\u015ftir. Venezuela devlet petrol ve do\u011falgaz \u015firketi iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki petrokok projesinin yat\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcresi boyunca ve sonras\u0131nda gerekli finansal garantileri sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Ortak enerji stratejileri do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Akdeniz havzas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik petrol depolama tesislerinin kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fizibilite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flanacakt\u0131r. Venezuela havalimanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanan T\u00fcrk Hava Yollar\u0131 (THY) filosuna ait u\u00e7aklara, ekonomik ve rekabet\u00e7i \u015fartlarda jet yak\u0131t\u0131 ikmal edilecektir. S\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fma ile ayr\u0131ca Venezuela’n\u0131n in\u015faat, altyap\u0131, ila\u00e7, yiyecek ve benzeri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmesi i\u00e7in bir barter mekanizmas\u0131 olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. Ham petrol\u00fcn rafinasyonu s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan petrokok, karbonca zengin ve \u0131s\u0131l de\u011feri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir kat\u0131 yak\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak bilinmektedir. Venezuela Madencilik Bakan\u0131 Victor Cano\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir di\u011fer anla\u015fmada kamu maden \u015firketleriyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck maden i\u015fletmelerinin Venezuela\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flenmesi ve alt\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yollanmas\u0131 ve sertifikaland\u0131rma s\u00fcrecinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n

Enerji Bilgi Dairesi (EIA), \u015eubat (2019) Y\u0131ll\u0131k Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc raporuna g\u00f6re Venezuela’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n kritik bir k\u0131sm\u0131, ulusal petrol \u015firketi PDVSA\u2019ya verilen zarardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Hugo Chavez\u2019in 1998\u2019de Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmesi sonras\u0131, PDVSA\u2019n\u0131n “siyasi ve askeri g\u00f6revlere a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdi\u011fi ve yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6netildi\u011fi” s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Venezuela’n\u0131n ham petrol \u00fcretimi 2000\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndaki seviyesinin sadece \u00fc\u00e7te biri olan 2018 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta g\u00fcnde 1,1 milyon varile geriledi. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 10 y\u0131l boyunca petrol gelirlerine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan iki ekonomi \u00f6rne\u011fi olan Suudi Arabistan ve Angola, Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kayda de\u011fer \u015fekilde geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fta petrol olmak \u00fczere enerji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hayli zengin bir \u00fclke olup d\u00fcnya devi \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan ambargolarla a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahkum edilen ve darbeyle kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmak istenen, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcretim seviyesi ve yetersiz ihracat altyap\u0131s\u0131ndaki olumsuzluklarla petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn sefas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcremeyen, kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f\u00a0petrol rezerviyle d\u00fcnyada ilk s\u0131rada\u00a0olup varl\u0131k i\u00e7inde yoklu\u011fa mahkum edilen ve enflasyonu y\u00fczde bir milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Venezuela’da esas hesapla\u015fma konusu petrol ve enerji y\u00f6netimi politikas\u0131d\u0131r. Petrol \u0130hracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00dclkeler Organizasyonu (OPEC) 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 kuruldu\u011funda Venezuela’n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck 2.8 milyon varil petrol \u00fcretimi onu di\u011fer OPEC kurucu \u00fclkeleri olan \u00a0\u0130ran, Irak, Kuveyt, Suudi Arabistan aras\u0131nda lider konuma getirmi\u015fti. Di\u011fer OPEC \u00fclkeleri varil petrol \u00fcretimleri ise Kuveyt g\u00fcnde 1.7 milyon varil, \u0130ran 1.1 milyon varil, Irak 1 milyon varil, Suudi Arabistan ise 1.3 milyon kadard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze geldi\u011fimizde\u00a0 Kuveyt g\u00fcnde 2.7 milyon, \u0130ran 3.8 milyon, Irak 4.5 milyon, Suudi Arabistan ise 10 milyon varil petrol \u00fcretirken, 300 milyar varil ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f petrol rezervine sahip Venezuela’n\u0131n \u00fcretimi\u00a0 ise g\u00fcnde 2 milyon varile d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f vaziyettedir. Hat\u0131rlarsak bu y\u0131l Ocak sonunda Washington\u2019un Venezuela\u2019da\u00a0 y\u00f6netimin de\u011fi\u015fmesini sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkeden petrol al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak veyahut \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm petrol ihrac\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ran’a uygulananlara benzer bir yasak silsilesiyle bitirmek gibi se\u00e7eneklerin de dahil oldu\u011fu bir dizi yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcndeminde tuttu\u011fu konu\u015fulmaktayd\u0131. Orta Do\u011fu’da enerji sava\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanan politikalar\u0131n benzeri Venezuela’da uygulanmaktad\u0131r. 2013’te Kansere yenik d\u00fc\u015ferek Hugo Chavez\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fcteakiben idareyi eline alan Nicolas Maduro kendisinin de aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu 40 ki\u015fiye yolsuzluk ve politik bask\u0131 su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla getirilen ambargo yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n hedefi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ekonomisi neredeyse tamamen petrol ihrac\u0131na dayanan bir \u00fclkede, hali haz\u0131rdaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ve geli\u015fmeler orta vadede petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n pek toparlanaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde sinyaller vermedi\u011finden Venezuela’n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ekonomik ve siyasi krizden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 me\u015fakkatli bir s\u00fcreci i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Nisan sonu ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz May\u0131s ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde i\u015fler iyiden iyiye k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro, ba\u015fkent Caracas’taki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131 Miraflores’te Savunma Bakan\u0131 Vladimir Padrino Lopez ve Kurucu Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Diosdado Cabello ile bir araya gelerek sadakati nedeniyle Venezuela ordusuna ve verdi\u011fi destek i\u00e7in halka te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederek ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Ulusa Sesleni\u015f” konu\u015fmas\u0131nda kendisini Ge\u00e7ici Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ilan eden Juan Guaido\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan darbe giri\u015fiminin cezas\u0131z kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda “Giri\u015fime kat\u0131lanlar Anayasa ve toplum huzurunu hedef almaktan yarg\u0131lanacak” \u015feklinde ifadelere yer verdi.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz hafta muhalefet lideri Juan Guaid\u00f3 ABD, bir \u00e7ok AB \u00fcyesi ve Latin Amerika’n\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu 50’den fazla \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan Venezuela’n\u0131n hakl\u0131 ge\u00e7ici cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131 ve Chavez\u2019in halefi Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicol\u00e1s Maduro\u2019yu devirmek i\u00e7in \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir ayaklanma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu. Ancak hafta boyunca protestocular ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra, 3 May\u0131s 2019 g\u00fcn\u00fcne kadar Maduro halen g\u00f6revdeydi ve Caracas\u2019taki bir ordu \u00fcss\u00fcnde askerlerin yan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bir Venezuela mahkemesi, Bay Guaid\u00f3’nun m\u00fcttefiki olan muhalefet lideri Leopoldo L\u00f3pez’in tutuklanmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti ve kendisini medyaya siyasi ilanlarda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan bir emre kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bay L\u00f3pez, \u0130spanya B\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7isinin ikametgah\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131rken, Guaid\u00f3’nun tutuklanman\u0131n yan\u0131nda olabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki spek\u00fclasyonlar al\u0131p ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gitmi\u015fti. Bay Guaid\u00f3, insanlar\u0131 Maduro’yu vurmaya ve protesto etmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor ve Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc destek\u00e7ilerine \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki Venezuela birlikleriyle konu\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve hareketlerine kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ikna etmelerini s\u00f6yledi. Ve \u0130spanya b\u00fcy\u00fck el\u00e7isinin evinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Bay L\u00f3pez, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n Venezuela i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir olay olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Reuters’in bildirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re, \u00fclkedeki karga\u015fan\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda artmas\u0131yla Venezuela, ABD\u2019nin yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen petrol ihracat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.06 milyon varil seviyesinde sabit tutmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ancak, Maduro’nun iktidarda kalmas\u0131 durumunda, Venezuela petrol \u00fcretiminin s\u0131f\u0131ra d\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fi, ABD yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n daha da s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00fclke kaosa girmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde uyar\u0131lar oldu. \u00dclkenin 2008\u2019den bu yana istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde istikrarl\u0131 olan \u00fcretimindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f 2017\u2019de \u00e7\u00f6kmeye neden oldu.<\/p>\n

Neler olmaktayd\u0131 Venezuela\u2019da ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nisan sonu ana ak\u0131m medya ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n, Venezuela’daki darbe giri\u015fimine ili\u015fkin ikinci kez a\u00e7\u0131klama yaparak K\u00fcba’y\u0131 su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 man\u015fetlerde haber yaparken\u00a0Trump, Twitter hesab\u0131ndan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada; “E\u011fer K\u00fcba askerleri ve milisleri, Venezuela anayasas\u0131n\u0131 mahvetme ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere sebep olma amac\u0131 g\u00fcden t\u00fcm askeri ve di\u011fer operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 derhal sonland\u0131rmazsa, en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla birlikte tam ve kapsaml\u0131 bir ambargo K\u00fcba adas\u0131na uygulanacakt\u0131r. Umar\u0131m t\u00fcm K\u00fcbal\u0131 askerler derhal ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde kendi adalar\u0131na d\u00f6nerler.” \u015feklinde ifadelerine yer veriyordu. Beyaz Saray’dan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda; “ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Trump Venezuela hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirildi ve durumu takip ediyor.”\u015feklinde ifadeler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. ABD’nin Ulusal G\u00fcvenlik Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 John Bolton’da a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda Venezuela ordusuna \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftu. Bolton; “Ordu anayasay\u0131 ve Venezuela halk\u0131n\u0131 korumal\u0131, Ulusal Meclis’in yan\u0131nda durmal\u0131. ABD, Venezuela halk\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131ndad\u0131r.” \u015feklinde konu\u015furken ilaveten, “Bir s\u00fcredir Maduro\u2019dan sonraki g\u00fcn yapacaklar\u0131m\u0131z konusunda planlama yap\u0131yoruz. Bu, uzun s\u00fcredir biriken bir \u015fey. Bu \u00e7aba ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olursa, Venezuela halk\u0131 \u00e7ok az muhtemel alternatifin bulundu\u011fu bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn i\u00e7inde batacak.” diyor ABD\u2019nin iktidar de\u011fi\u015fiminin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yollarla olmas\u0131n\u0131 destekledi\u011fini ancak “t\u00fcm se\u00e7eneklerin masada oldu\u011funu” belirtiyordu.<\/p>\n

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Saharan Blend (Cezayir), Girassol (Angola), Oriente (Ekvador), Iran Heavy (\u0130ran), Basra Light (Irak), Kuwait Export (Kuveyt), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nijerya), Qatar Marine (Katar), Arab Light (Suudi Arabistan), Murban (BAE) ve Merey (Venezuela) petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndan hesaplanan OPEC taraf\u0131ndan referans fiyat olarak belirlenen OPEC Petrol Sepetinin varil fiyat\u0131 26 Nisan’da sona eren haftada, 2,64 dolar art\u0131\u015fla ortalama 73,13 Amerikan\u00a0 dolar\u0131na y\u00fckselmesini de takiben i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131 son g\u00fcn\u00fcnde Venezuela\u2019da kendisini ge\u00e7ici devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ilan eden ve ABD ile birlikte Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin de tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0Juan Guaido, askeri birlikleri ve Venezuela halk\u0131na “soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131n” \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu. Venezuela h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, muhalefetle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir grup askerin darbe giri\u015fimi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve giri\u015fimin bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken darbe giri\u015fiminin ard\u0131ndan Nicolas Maduro yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada “Komutanlar anayasaya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ettiler. Halk\u0131, vatan\u0131 ve anayasal d\u00fczeni muhafaza etmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7in soka\u011fa davet ediyorum.” dedi. Venezuela\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, bir grup askerin darbe giri\u015fimi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve giri\u015fimin bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etti.<\/p>\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn 1 May\u0131s\u2019ta\u00a0 ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Mike Pompeo, gerekmesi durumunda Venezuela’ya askeri harekat\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ancak bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecini tercih edeceklerini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

O g\u00fcn\u00fcn aksam\u0131na servis edilen haberler Maduro\u2019nun; “\u00dclkenin cumhuriyet ba\u015fsavc\u0131s\u0131yla konu\u015ftum. Bu i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6zel \u00fc\u00e7 ulusal savc\u0131 atad\u0131m ve onlar \u015fu an bu olaya kar\u0131\u015fan herkesi sorguluyor ve soru\u015fturmay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorlar. Anayasa ve toplum huzurunu hedef almaktan yarg\u0131lanacaklar.”\u00a0\u015feklinde konu\u015fmas\u0131na ve ba\u015flat\u0131lan darbe giri\u015fiminin cezas\u0131z kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fi “Ulusa Sesleni\u015f” konu\u015fmas\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Maduro, ba\u015fkent Caracas kent merkezi Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Saray\u0131 Miraflores’in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki Sucre Bulvar\u0131nda, 1 May\u0131s Emek ve Dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen etkinlikte 1 May\u0131s Emek ve Dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fcne bu sene olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek kat\u0131l\u0131m oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131ktan sonra, “\u0130\u015f\u00e7i karde\u015flerim, 1 May\u0131s kahraman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yeni bir darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc daha bozguna u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu 1 May\u0131s’ta d\u00fczenlenen g\u00f6steri ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun Venezuela halk\u0131n\u0131n vatan\u0131n\u0131 ve devrimini koruyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyor. Komutan Chavez’i devirememi\u015flerdi ve bizi de deviremediler ve deviremeyecekler.”\u015feklinde konu\u015fmu\u015ftu. \u0130laveten konu\u015fmas\u0131nda darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnde ABD’nin parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade ederek, “Bir Avrupa gazetesi d\u00fcn Donald Trump ve John Bolton’\u0131n g\u00fcn do\u011fmadan \u00f6nce askeri darbenin b\u00fct\u00fcn operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 koordine etti\u011fini yazd\u0131. \u015eili, Brezilya, Arjantin ve Kolombiya h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini aray\u0131p desteklemelerini istemi\u015fler. D\u00fcn giri\u015filen darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc bizzat Beyaz Saray’dan, John Bolton taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi.” \u015feklinde de\u011ferlendirmelere yer vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Gerilere gidildi\u011finde i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00a06 Mart tarihinde Rusya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Sergey Ryabkov, Venezuela’daki duruma ili\u015fkin, “ABD’nin Venezuela’ya y\u00f6nelik askeri m\u00fcdahalede bulunma senaryosu ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyor.” \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu. TASS haber ajans\u0131na g\u00f6re Ryabkov, Venezuela’daki geli\u015fmeler ve Kore Yar\u0131m adas\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fckleer silahlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulundu. Ryabkov, ABD’nin, son y\u0131llarda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin (BM) \u015fartlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde askeri faaliyetlerde bulundu\u011funu belirtti .Rusya’n\u0131n Venezuela’daki durumdan endi\u015fe duydu\u011funu belirten\u00a0 Ryabkov, “ABD’nin, Venezuela’ya y\u00f6nelik askeri m\u00fcdahalede bulunma senaryosu ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyor.” ifadesini kulland\u0131.\u00a0 Ryabkov, Kuzey Kore lideri Kim Jong-un ile ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump’\u0131n ge\u00e7en hafta Vietnam’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Hanoi’de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlatarak, “Kore Yar\u0131m adas\u0131’n\u0131n n\u00fckleer silahlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ve imtiyazlarla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.” dedi. Rusya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Ryabkov, ABD’nin Kuzey Kore’ye y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nem te\u015fkil etti\u011fini kaydetmi\u015fti. Ertesi g\u00fcn bir karanl\u0131\u011fa bo\u011fulacakt\u0131 olaylar, \u00fclkedeki elektrik kesintileri gibi.<\/p>\n

Yine i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 8 Mart’ta Venezuela\u2019da ak\u015fam ya\u015fanan elektrik kesintisiyle \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n karanl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015fahit oldu. Maduro h\u00fck\u00fcmeti olay\u0131n muhalefetin sabotaj\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Venezuela’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne elektrik sa\u011flayan Simon Bolivar Hidroelektrik Santrali’nde meydana gelen ar\u0131za nedeniyle yerel saatle d\u00fcn 16:00’da\u00a023 eyaletten 22’sinde elektrik kesintisi ya\u015fand\u0131. Venezuela Elektrik Bakan\u0131 Luis Motta Dominguez, hidroelektrik santrale yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131yla olu\u015fan hasar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 saat i\u00e7inde giderilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda bulundu. Venezuela’n\u0131n ulusal elektrik \u015firketi Corpoelec, Guri ismiyle bilinen Simon Bolivar Hidroelektrik Santraline sabotaj d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bunun h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131nda bulundu. Ard\u0131ndan Venezuela bir haftaya yakla\u015fan kesintilerin nedeninin ABD\u2019nin siber sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro 7 Mart\u2019tan itibaren \u00fclkedeki elektrik kesintilerine yol a\u00e7an sald\u0131r\u0131 hakk\u0131nda soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7in, Rusya, K\u00fcba, \u0130ran ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlere ba\u015fvuracaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fti. 13 Mart tarihinde \u00c7in Venezuela’n\u0131n elektrik nakil hatlar\u0131n\u0131 onarmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m ve teknik deste\u011fe haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.\u00c7in D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Lu Kang, Pekin\u2019in Venezuela’daki elektrik kesintisine siber sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin haberleri not etti\u011fini belirtti. “\u00c7in bu konuda derin endi\u015fe duyuyor” \u015feklinde konu\u015fan\u00a0 D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Lu, Pekin\u2019in Venezuela’n\u0131n bu duruma yol a\u00e7an nedeni en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131 ve normal enerji tedariki ve sosyal d\u00fczene d\u00f6nmesini umdu\u011funu dile getirdi. Lu; “\u00c7in Venezuela’n\u0131n enerji nakil hatlar\u0131 \u015febekesini onarmak \u00fczere yard\u0131m ve teknik destek sunmaya amadeyiz.” \u015feklinde konu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131 \u015eubat ay\u0131 sonunda ise CNN’in haberine g\u00f6re Washington’un Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro’yu devirmek amac\u0131yla 28 Ocak’ta uygulamaya koydu\u011fu yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, ABD rafinelerini a\u011f\u0131r petrol i\u00e7in alternatif kaynaklar bulma sorunu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirdi. Benzin, dizel ve jet yak\u0131t\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in ABD’de bulunan hafif petrol ile Venezuela’dan gelen a\u011f\u0131r ham petrol\u00fc harmanlayan Citgo, Chevron ve Valero liderli\u011findeki ABD k\u00f6rfez rafinerilerinin \u00fcretiminde yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f kaydedildi. Kanada, Suudi Arabistan ve Meksika’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD’nin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc petrol ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan Venezuela’dan petrol alamayan bu \u015firketler, a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Chevron \u0130cra Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mike Wirth, \u015eubat ba\u015f\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, \u015firketin g\u00fcnde ortalama 70 bin varil ham petrolle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Mississippi rafinerisine olan tedariki s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in “acil durum plan\u0131n\u0131” devreye ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Venezuela’n\u0131n ulusal petrol \u015firketi PDVSA ile ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan di\u011fer Bat\u0131l\u0131 firmalar da anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda kal\u0131rken, Rabobank Enerji Stratejisti Ryan Fitzmaurice, ge\u00e7en hafta m\u00fc\u015fterilerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir raporda, “yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, petrol arz\u0131 \u00fczerinde fel\u00e7 edici bir etkiye neden oldu\u011funu” yazd\u0131. \u015eubat sonu ABD’nin Venezuela’da uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler denetiminde se\u00e7im d\u00fczenlenmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan tasar\u0131s\u0131, BMGK’de Rusya ve \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan veto edildi.<\/p>\n

ABD’nin Venezuela’da uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin denetiminde ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan tasar\u0131s\u0131 Rusya ve \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi’nde (BMGK) veto edildi. Rusya’n\u0131n Venezuela’n\u0131n siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan tasar\u0131s\u0131 ise yeterli deste\u011fi alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kabul edilmedi. ABD ve Rusya BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 iki rakip karar tasar\u0131s\u0131 sundu. Rusya ve \u00c7in, ABD taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir siyasi s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin denetiminde \u00f6zg\u00fcr, adil ve g\u00fcvenilir ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 insani yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan karar tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 veto etti.\u00a0ABD’nin tasar\u0131s\u0131na konseyin ge\u00e7ici \u00fclkelerinden G\u00fcney Afrika da kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tasar\u0131ya 9 \u00fclke destek verdi, Ekvator Ginesi, Endonezya ve Fildi\u015fi Sahili ise \u00e7ekimser kald\u0131. ABD’nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar tasar\u0131nda, 20 May\u0131s 2018’de yap\u0131lan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinin adil ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan derin endi\u015fe duyuldu\u011fu\u00a0 kaydedilerek, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir siyasi s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin denetiminde \u00f6zg\u00fcr, adil ve g\u00fcvenilir ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131 Tasar\u0131da, Venezuela Ulusal Meclis ve muhalefet partisi \u00fcyelerinin g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi de belirtiliyordu.\u00a0ABD’nin Venezuela \u00d6zel Temsilcisi Elliott Abrams d\u00fcn BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi’nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada, kendini “ge\u00e7ici devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131” ilan eden Ulusal Meclis Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Juan Guaido’nun g\u00fcvenli\u011finden endi\u015fe duydu\u011funu \u00a0belirtmi\u015fti. \u0130laveten, mezkur karar tasar\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00fclkedeki insani durumun daha k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmemesi i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 insani yard\u0131mlar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u00a0Rusya’n\u0131n BM Daimi Temsilcisi Vassily Nebenzia, ABD’nin Venezuela tasar\u0131s\u0131na dair ”ABD’nin amac\u0131 rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, insani yard\u0131m konusundaki endi\u015fesi ise sis perdesi. Tasar\u0131ya destek vererek bu abs\u00fcrd tiyatroya su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 anlam\u0131yor musunuz.” De\u011ferlendirmelerini yaparken \u00a0ABD’nin Venezuela \u00d6zel Temsilcisi Abrams ise, ”Bu tasar\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 konsey \u00fcyeleri Maduro ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya devam ediyor. ” \u015feklinde konu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Rusya’n\u0131n Venezuela’n\u0131n siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahaleye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan tasar\u0131s\u0131 ise 9 \u00fcye \u00fclkenin deste\u011fini alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kabul edilmedi. Rusya’n\u0131n tasar\u0131s\u0131na 4 \u00fclke destek verirken 7 \u00fclke kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, 4 \u00fclke ise \u00e7ekimser oy kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu meyanda hat\u0131rlatmak i\u00e7in, BM G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi’nde bir tasar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in 15 \u00fcyeden en az 9’unun olumlu oy kullanmas\u0131 ve be\u015f daimi \u00fcye Rusya, \u00c7in, ABD, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere’nin veto yetkisini kullanmamas\u0131 gerekmekte.\u00a0 Rusya’n\u0131n tasar\u0131s\u0131nda Venezuela’n\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 tehdidinden ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale giri\u015fiminden endi\u015fe duyuldu\u011fu belirtilmekteydi. Tasar\u0131da ayr\u0131ca, memleketteki \u00a0krize siyasi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmas\u0131 konusunda t\u00fcm giri\u015fimlerin desteklenmesi, uluslararas\u0131 destek giri\u015fimlerinin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131, organizasyonu, koordinasyonu ve uygulanmas\u0131nda ise Venezuela h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ilk muhatap olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Guaid\u00f3, 23 Ocak 2019 da \u00a0mitingde daha Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yemini eder etmez akabinde\u00a0 ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerden destek g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Mezkur geli\u015fmeleri Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro i\u00e7in “darbe” niteli\u011finde idi ve\u00a0 k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde\u00a0 ba\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye, Rusya ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u00a0 olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerden de Maduro y\u00f6netimine destek geldi. G\u00fcndemdeki tart\u0131\u015fmalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ABD\u2019deki Donald Trump y\u00f6netiminin Maduro\u2019yu askeri bir m\u00fcdahale ile saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakma ihtimali ve Venezuela halk\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r sosyo – ekonomik sorunlar etraf\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Venezuela Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n 333. Maddesini Konu\u015fur Hale Geldik<\/strong><\/p>\n

Guardian\u2019\u0131n haberine g\u00f6re 7 \u015eubat 2019\u2019da Venezuela i\u00e7in insani yard\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk kamyonlar, Kolombiya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki C\u00facuta kentine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Maduro, Venezuela bir insani krizin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddediyor ve y\u00f6netim \u00fcyeleri yard\u0131m \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerini istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir yabanc\u0131 komplo olarak k\u0131nad\u0131lar. ABD\u2019deki muhalif eylemciler ve destek\u00e7ileri, yard\u0131m g\u00f6nderilerinin Venezuela’n\u0131n\u00a0ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7orap\u00a0 de\u011ferlendirmekteydi .\u00d6te yandan Venezuelal\u0131 birlikler, Kolombiya’dan gelen yard\u0131m\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri engelledi. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, 2015’ten bu yana\u00a0 yiyecek ve ila\u00e7 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131k ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma sistemlerinden ve dahi yoku\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 giden a\u011f\u0131r ekonomik \u015fartlardan kurtulmak i\u00e7in 3 milyon insan\u0131n \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmektedir. Yard\u0131m operasyonunu koordine eden muhalefet milletvekili Miguel Pizarro, Guardian’a k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc engellemenin Venezuela’n\u0131n ne derece “d\u00fczenli bir ge\u00e7i\u015fe – orderly transition” ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izdi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

ABD, Venezuela’ya 20 milyon dolar yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi, ancak analistler bunun g\u0131da k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok az \u00e7aba sarf edece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

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2019 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak Ay\u0131n\u0131n son haftalar\u0131nda S&P Global Platts’in konuyla ilgili kaynaklardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere g\u00f6re, Beyaz Saray Ulusal G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u00a0 Nicolas Maduro’yu serbest ve adil bir se\u00e7ime gitmeye zorlama gerek\u00e7esini ileri s\u00fcrerek Venezuela’n\u0131n ham petrol ihracat\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar uygulamay\u0131 de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdi. Mezkur yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n askeri alan\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Venezuela’n\u0131n ABD\u2019ye ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 bin varil (bpd) ham petrol \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 bildirilmekteydi.\u00a0 Verilere g\u00f6re ABD’li rafineriler, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 Ekim ay\u0131nda ortalama 505,870 milyar ton Venezuela ham petrol ithal etti. Bu oran Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 629.480 milyar ton seviyesindeydi. Yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda Trump y\u00f6netiminin hen\u00fcz nihai bir karara varmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydediliyor. ABD hali haz\u0131rda Venezuela’n\u0131n alt\u0131n sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yapt\u0131r\u0131m uyguluyor ve yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n Venezuela’n\u0131n temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeniden m\u00fczakere y\u00fcr\u00fctmelerini engelliyor. ABD iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce Venezuela h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve devlet petrol \u015firketi PDVSA taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bor\u00e7 ve \u00f6z sermaye al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130laveten Hazine Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 Venezuelal\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkililerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirmi\u015f ve . Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Maduro, ABD taraf\u0131ndan kara listeye al\u0131nanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015feref oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.OPEC taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan bildiride, Venezuela Petrol Bakan\u0131 Manuel Quevedo\u2019nun, BAE Enerji Bakan\u0131 Suhail El-Mazrui\u2019nin yerine OPEC Konferans\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu bildiride “Konferans, Venezuela Cumhuriyeti Petrol Bakan\u0131 Manuel Salvador Quevedo Fernandez\u2019i g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi 1 Ocak 2019\u2019da ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, bir y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na OPEC Konferans\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ti. Cezayir Enerji Bakan\u0131 Mustafa Gitouni de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.\u201d12 \u00fclkenin birle\u015ferek meydana getirdi\u011fi ‘Petrol \u0130hra\u00e7 Eden \u00dclkeler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’ OPEC, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki petrol rezervlerinin \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini elinde bulundurdu\u011fu ifadelerine yer verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

OPEC Petrol Sepeti, bir \u00f6nceki hafta ortalama 74,96 Dolar seviyesindeydi.\u00a0OPEC Haber Ajans\u0131 OPECNA’dan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re, OPEC taraf\u0131ndan referans fiyat olarak belirlenen sepetinin varil fiyat\u0131 7 Eyl\u00fcl’de (2018) sona eren\u00a0 haftada, 0,23 dolar art\u0131\u015fla ortalama 75,19 dolar oldu. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere ; OPEC Petrol Sepeti, Girassol (Angola), Saharan Blend (Cezayir), Oriente (Ekvador), Iran Heavy (\u0130ran), Basra Light (Irak), Qatar Marine (Katar), Kuwait Export (Kuveyt), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nijerya), Arab Light (Suudi Arabistan), Murban (BAE) ve Merey (Venezuela) petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndan hesaplanmakta\u00a0 ve OPEC Petrol Sepeti, Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc ilk haftas\u0131\u00a0 0,23 dolar y\u00fckselerek ortalama 75,19 dolara ula\u015ft\u0131.Burada dikkat \u00e7ekmek istedi\u011fimiz nokta Venezuela’n\u0131n bu sepette yer almas\u0131yd\u0131 zira\u00a0 Venezuela\u2019da, petrol devletin ekonomisi anlam\u0131na geliyor.\u00a0 Y\u00fczde 95 oran\u0131nda petrole ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k kilit bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol sto\u011fu olan, petrol \u00fcretiminin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fclkenin ekonomisinin krizde \u00e7alkaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyeme noktas\u0131na gelen bir memleket Venezuela. 2017 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda petrol \u00fcretimi, kamunun a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilere g\u00f6re bir ayda y\u00fczde 12 azalm\u0131\u015f. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise \u00fcretim y\u00fczde 29 azalm\u0131\u015f. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin \u00a0hi\u00e7bir petrol \u00fclkesinde ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00f6ylesi bir boyutta \u00fcretim azalmas\u0131 kaydedilmemi\u015f \u00a0olmas\u0131 hasebiyle konu bir hayli \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Uzmanlar sava\u015f ya da\u00a0 grev benzeri halen olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen olu\u015fan s\u00f6z konusu azalmay\u0131 OPEC’e g\u00f6re, Irak’\u0131n 2003 sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda petrol \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 23 azalmas\u0131 veya Rusya’n\u0131n, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 esnas\u0131ndaki azalmas\u0131ndan daha da fazla bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f olarak yorumlamakta. Petrol \u00fcretiminin \u00a0azalmas\u0131, \u00fclkenin \u00a0yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan\u00a0 makine, g\u0131da \u00a0ila\u00e7 \u00a0vb ek \u00e7ok al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel te\u015fkil ediyor.<\/p>\n

2018 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klanan\u00a0 verilere istinaden Venezuela’n\u0131n ABD’ye petrol ihracat\u0131 A\u011fustos’ta g\u00fcnde 468.300 varil olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve bu senenin\u00a0 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerinden biri oldu. Mezkur veri 2018 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc verisi olarak kayda ge\u00e7ti. \u0130hracat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel nedeninin ihra\u00e7 liman\u0131 olan Jose’de tanker \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen aksakl\u0131klar olarak\u00a0 belirtilmekte.\u00a0Tam da ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Trump\u2019\u0131n da darbe plan\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fuldu\u011fu g\u00fcnlere denk geliyor bu geli\u015fmeler. Zira yine Eyl\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131nda (2018) New York Times ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Venezuela askeri yetkilileriyle darbe yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gizlice g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iddia etti. Beyaz Saray “demokrasi isteyen t\u00fcm Venezuelal\u0131larla” g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamakla yetindi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Venezuela’n\u0131n kripto paras\u0131 Petro, Ekim ay\u0131nda d\u00f6viz piyasas\u0131nda i\u015flem g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayacak konu\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00a0da bir ba\u015fka geli\u015fmeydi. G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkesi Venezuela’n\u0131n ABD yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak ve ekonomisini toparlamak i\u00e7in piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc petrol rezervleri taraf\u0131ndan beslenen petro adl\u0131 \u015fifreli para birimi Petro Ekim ay\u0131nda d\u00f6viz piyasas\u0131nda i\u015flem g\u00f6recek. Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas\u00a0Maduro, Ekim ay\u0131ndan itibaren kripto para petronun resmi d\u00f6viz kurunun belirlendi\u011fi Dicom ihalelerinde sistemin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak yap\u0131lacak ihalelerde petro da al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilecektir.<\/p>\n

2018 y\u0131l\u0131 Haziran ay\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ran, Irak ve Venezuela petrol \u00fcretimini art\u0131rmak isteyen Rusya ve Suudi Arabistan’a kar\u015f\u0131 ortak hareket edece\u011fi haberi man\u015fetlere yerle\u015fti. \u0130ran, Rusya ve Suudi Arabistan g\u00fcndeme getirdikleri \u00fcretim art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 22 Haziran’da Viyana’da yap\u0131lacak toplant\u0131da Venezuela ve Irak ile birlikte veto edeceklerini\u00a0 anons etti . \u0130ran’\u0131n OPEC temsilcisi H\u00fcseyin Kazempour Ardebili \u2018de; “OPEC’in 3 kurucu \u00fcyesi bu \u00fcretim art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 durduracaklar. \u015eayet Suudi Arabistan ve Rusya \u00fcretimi art\u0131rmak istiyorlar ise, bunun i\u00e7in oy birli\u011fi gerekli. E\u011fer iki \u00fclke tek ba\u015flar\u0131na hareket ederler ise, bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ihlali olur.” \u015feklinde konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

2018 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin ham petrol rezervlerinin bulundu\u011fu ve Venezuela’n\u0131n \u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ABD’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmete uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mali yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar ve yolsuzluk nedeniyle \u00fclkede artan a\u00e7l\u0131k krizi ve ya\u011fmalamalarla m\u00fccadele etmek amac\u0131yla petrol \u00fcretimini art\u0131rmay\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Venezuela Petrol Bakan\u0131 Manuel Quevedo, petrol \u00fcretimini g\u00fcnde 1 milyon 900 bin varile \u00e7\u0131karacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve 2018’in d\u00fczelme y\u0131l\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bakan, hedeflerinin ham Hali haz\u0131rda petrol\u00fcn ihracattaki pay\u0131 %90’\u0131 bulan petrol\u00fcn \u00fcretimini yeniden 2 milyon varilin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karmak oldu\u011funu belirtti.<\/p>\n

Mart 2017 sonunda Venezuela’da muhaliflerin kontrol\u00fcndeki Kongre’nin yetkilerini \u00fczerine ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme\u00a0 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 protestolar \u00fclkeyi sar\u0131nca, Kongre’ye yetkilerini iade etti. Muhalefet, karar\u0131n, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe giden yolda d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bir noktaya gelindi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini savunmu\u015f ba\u015fkent Caracas’ta halk, sokaklara d\u00f6k\u00fclerek karar\u0131 protesto etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Nisan 2017 \u2018de\u00a0\u00a0 Ekonomik krizin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve muhalefetin sokaklara \u00e7\u0131karak eylemlerini \u015fiddetlendirdi\u011fi bir atmosferde Venezuela Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Maduro’nun Trump’\u0131n ocaktaki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k yemin t\u00f6renine 500 bin dolar ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Fox News’un Trump’\u0131n t\u00f6ren komitesinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberinde Venezuela\u2019dan Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nem Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc devlet petrol \u015firketi PDVSA’n\u0131n i\u015ftirak\u0131 olan Citgo Petroleum adl\u0131 petrol \u015firketinin t\u00f6renin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011fu belirtildi. PDVSA, olaydan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Rus petrol \u015firketi Rosnfet’ten al\u0131nan 1.5 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi \u00a0kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Citgo’nun y\u00fczde 50’ye yak\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 teklif etmi\u015fti. Bu teklif \u00a0Rusya’n\u0131n ABD petrol\u00fcnde s\u00f6z sahibi olaca\u011f\u0131 endi\u015fesiyle ABD’de Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin de tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

9 A\u011fustos 2017\u2019de Venezuela’daki siyasi ve ekonomik krize ra\u011fmen bu \u00fclkede enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyen Rus devlet enerji \u015firketi Rosneft, devlete ait PDVSA (Petroleos de Venezuela) \u015firketine yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. Rusya ve Venezuela’dan dev petrol anla\u015fmas\u0131 man\u015fetleriyle ana ak\u0131m medyaya yerle\u015fen mevzuda Rosneft’ten yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re PDVSA, gelecekte yapaca\u011f\u0131 ham madde tedarikleri i\u00e7in Rus \u015firketten 1 milyar dolarl\u0131k avans ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilirken PDVSA’ya yap\u0131lan \u00f6n \u00f6demelerin faiziyle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydeden Rosneft, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n 2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar kendisini amorti etmesini beklediklerinin alt\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015fti. Esasen Venezuela, Rosneft’in Rusya harici en b\u00fcy\u00fck ham madde kayna\u011f\u0131 vaziyetinde. Firma, PDVSA’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 ABD’li merkezli Citgo \u015firketinin y\u00fczde 49.9 hissesini elinde bulunduruyor. PDVSA, yak\u0131n zaman \u00f6nce Rus petrol \u015firketi Rosnfet’ten al\u0131nan 1.5 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Citgo’nun % 49.9’a yak\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 teklif etmi\u015fti. Bu teklif Rusya’n\u0131n ABD petrol\u00fcnde s\u00f6z sahibi olaca\u011f\u0131 endi\u015fesiyle ABD’de Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin de tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Rosneft ve PDVSA, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 14 milyar dolarl\u0131k petrol yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Venezuela\u2019da 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 A\u011fustos ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00a0yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerin ard\u0131ndan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro ile muhalefet aras\u0131ndaki siyasi gerginli\u011fin tehlikeli boyutlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir noktada, ekonomik krizdeki \u00fclkeye dolayl\u0131 deste\u011fin Rusya’dan gelmesini ana ak\u0131m medya haber ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na bir hayat \u00f6p\u00fcc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devlete ait Rus petrol devi Rosneft\u2019in, Venezuela\u2019dan sat\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131 petrol i\u00e7in \u00f6n \u00f6deme olarak bu \u00fclkeye 6 milyar dolar \u00f6dedi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015fti.\u00a0Vedomosti gazetesinin haberine g\u00f6re de , Rosneft Ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u0130gor Se\u00e7in\u2019in dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Aleksandr Krastilevski, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Venezuela\u2019ya, petrol sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in 5,7 milyar dolar\u0131 \u00f6n \u00f6deme, geri kalan\u0131 faizler olmak \u00fczere 6 milyar dolar \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftu. Venezuela ile \u00f6n \u00f6demeli sevkiyatlar\u0131n 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten yetkili, bu tarihten itibaren Venezuela’n\u0131n Rosneft\u2019e 743 milyon dolar tutar\u0131nda petrol ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fini, bu \u00fclkeye 489 milyon dolarl\u0131k da faiz \u00f6demesi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fti.<\/a><\/p>\n

Rosneft Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Pavel Fedorov, \u00f6n \u00f6demelerin garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nlemin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Rusya, Venezuela ile 2014 ve 2015 y\u0131llar\u0131nda iki petrol sat\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015f, \u00a0\u0130gor Se\u00e7in, Rosneft\u2019in Venezuela\u2019dan Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nem Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc ile enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015fbirli\u011fini geli\u015ftirmeyi arzu etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nBu \u00f6n \u00f6deme medyada, “Moskova’n\u0131n zor durumdaki Maduro y\u00f6netimine deste\u011fi” olarak da yorumland\u0131. Venezuela\u2019da se\u00e7imlerin ard\u0131ndan yeni anayasa yazmakla g\u00f6revli kurucu meclis faaliyetlerine ba\u015flasa da se\u00e7imi boykot eden muhaliflerin kontrol\u00fcndeki eski meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesiyle kriz t\u0131rmanmaktayd\u0131.\u00d6te yandan bir grubun askeri \u00fcsse sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenleyip silah ve m\u00fchimmat \u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131lar\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro\u2019yu desteklemek i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f d\u00fczenlemi\u015fti. Maduro, tamamen kendi destek\u00e7ilerinden olu\u015fan kurucu meclisin \u00fclkedeki bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in tek umut oldu\u011funu belirtirken muhalifler bunun demokratik muhalefeti imkans\u0131z hale getirip \u00fclkeyi daha fazla diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe itece\u011fini savunmaktayd\u0131.
\nBu arada Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda yer alan 17 \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanlar\u0131 Venezuela\u2019da yeni olu\u015fturulan kurucu meclisi tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Peru\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Lima\u2019da Venezuela\u2019daki krizi tart\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in biraraya gelen bakanlar \u00fclkede bozulan demokratik d\u00fczenin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l m\u00fczakereler yoluyla d\u00fczeltilmesini istemi\u015f. Peru D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Ricardo Luna Nicolas Maduro y\u00f6netimini diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u0131\u015ft\u0131. “Venezuela\u2019da kurucu meclisin olu\u015fturumas\u0131 bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Burada vurgulamak istedi\u011fim, son g\u00fcnlerde ya\u015fanan hadiseler barda\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ran son damlalar oldu ve art\u0131k Venezuela\u2019da bir diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte.” \u00d6te yandan Venezuela\u2019da kurucu meclis \u00fcyeleri askerlerin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla parlamento binas\u0131n\u0131n ana salonunu kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dcyeler z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7larla s\u0131k\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemleri alt\u0131nda binaya giri\u015f yapt\u0131. Buna muhalif milletvekili Jos\u00e9 Guerra\u2019n\u0131n tepkisi sert olmu\u015f; ” Bir grup asker ve kurucu meclisin ba\u015fkan\u0131 parlamentodaki genel kurul salonunu i\u015fgal etti.” \u015feklinde konu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk genel kurulunu yapan kurucu meclis \u00fcyeleri art\u0131k sorumlulu\u011fu ele ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bundan sonra \u00fclkenin ana sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Kurucu meclis kendisini \u00fclke y\u00f6netimindeki en yetkili kurum olarak ilan etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

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ABD\u2019nin d\u00f6nem itibar\u0131yla , Venezuela’dan g\u00fcnde 740 bin varil petrol ithal etti\u011fi 2017 senesi A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda ABD’de John Cornyn, Thad Cochran, Bill Cassidy ve Roger Wicker isimli \u00a0d\u00f6rt Cumhuriyet\u00e7i senat\u00f6r ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump y\u00f6netimine uyar\u0131 niteli\u011finde\u00a0 g\u00f6nderilen mektubun i\u00e7eri\u011fi\u00a0 ABD’nin Venezuela’ya yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bu \u00dclke’nin petrol sevkiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 engellemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini,aksi takdirde bunun\u00a0 akaryak\u0131t maliyetlerini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ikazda bulunmas\u0131yla ilgiliydi. Trump’a bir mektup g\u00f6nderen Senat\u00f6rler Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesinin ABD’de akaryak\u0131t maliyetlerini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 ikaz\u0131nda\u00a0 bulunmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelere dair daha da gerilere gidilirse pe\u015fpe\u015fe diktat\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilip siyaset sahnesinde epey kaos d\u00f6nemi ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00a01958 senesinde demokrasiye ge\u00e7ip 2002\u2019 ye kadar\u00a0 1992\u2019deki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z darbe giri\u015fimi hari\u00e7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 say\u0131lmazsa Bolivarc\u0131 sosyalist Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hugo Chavez\u2019e y\u00f6nelik sadece 48 saat s\u00fcren darbeye kadar darbe ve cunta y\u00f6netimine maruz kalmam\u0131\u015f olan Venezuela, Demokratik se\u00e7imlerle i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na gelen kesintisiz h\u00fck\u00fcmetler sayesinde So\u011fuk Sava\u015f boyunca\u00a0\u2018solun g\u00fc\u00e7lenip kimi yerlerde \u00a0iktidara gelmesinin beraberinde getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7 sava\u015f-askeri darbe\u2019 d\u00f6ng\u00fclerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalabilmi\u015fti. Esasen Venezuela 1990\u2019lara kadar, m\u00fcttefiki ABD taraf\u0131ndan Latin Amerika\u2019n\u0131n model \u00fclkesi olarak lanse edilmekteydi. Bir nevi proje devlet idi.Peki ne oldu da birden ABD\u2019nin \u00fcvey evlat haline getirdi\u011fi bir \u00fclke oluverdi. Elbetteki her\u015fey geceden sabaha olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1970’lerde Venezuela, Latin Amerika’daki en y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131na ve en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck e\u015fitsizli\u011fe sahipti. Petrol bonanzas\u0131 sayesinde h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1974’ten 1979’a kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ge\u00e7mi\u015finden daha fazla para harcad\u0131 (mutlak anlamda). Nitekim, bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, bu B\u00fcy\u00fck Venezuela b\u00f6lgedeki ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na en y\u00fcksek GSY\u0130H’ye sahipti. Scotch viski d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek seviyeydi, orta s\u0131n\u0131f Cadillacs ve Buicks’i s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve serbest harcama yapan \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f, “bana iki tane ver” (dame dos) olarak bilinen al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f girdab\u0131na sarmalanm\u0131\u015f halde\u00a0 Miami’ye gitti. Siyasi olarak \u00fclke, 1977’de Kosta Rika ve Kolombiya ile birlikte Latin Amerika’da yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 demokrasiden biriydi. Nas\u0131l oldu da\u00a0\u00a0 Krizin insani masraflar\u0131, yiyecek ve ila\u00e7 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, y\u00fckselen bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmleri ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek \u015fiddete dayal\u0131 su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131na sahip bir \u00fclke oluverdi.<\/p>\n

Tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131, s\u00fct, yemeklik ya\u011f, tereya\u011f\u0131 ve m\u0131s\u0131r unu gibi k\u0131t mallar i\u00e7in ucu bucu t\u00fckenmeyen muazzam kuyruklar, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131na beklemek i\u00e7in \u00f6denen profesyonel s\u0131ra adaylar\u0131na, yeni i\u015f kollar\u0131 yaratt\u0131 bunlara “professional line standers” deniyor. \u00d6te yandan bu geli\u015fmeler kuyruklar\u00a0 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n k\u0131t \u00a0mallar\u0131 bulmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak dijital uygulamalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu. Man\u015fetlere kuyruk bekleyenlerin cinayete tan\u0131k olu\u015flar\u0131ndan, do\u011furan kad\u0131nlar\u0131na kadar pek \u00e7ok \u00f6yk\u00fc yans\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n

Halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ayn\u0131 derecede k\u00f6t\u00fc hale geldi. Hastanelerin ithal antibiyotik, cerrahi malzeme ve t\u0131bbi malzeme yedek par\u00e7alar\u0131 t\u00fckendi\u011finde, bebek \u00f6l\u00fcmleri %30, anne \u00f6l\u00fcmleri %65 ve s\u0131tma 2016 verileriyle %76 artt\u0131. Silindi art\u0131k kalmad\u0131 denen hastal\u0131k Diptheria- Difteri \u00a0geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1973’te petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 astronomik hale getiren \u00a0Arap petrol ambargosu akabinde ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en yapan Carlos Andres Perez h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, petrol gelirlerinin ate\u015fledi\u011fi cesaretle kamu harcamlar\u0131n\u0131 2 senede \u00fc\u00e7e katlad\u0131. Bundan m\u00fctevellit \u00a0\u00fclkenin 1974’te 8 milyar dolar fazla veren cari i\u015flemler dengesi, 1978’de 6 milyar dolar a\u00e7\u0131k vermekteydi. Perez, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak, 1975 senesinde \u00a0Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela, S.A. – PDVSA’y\u0131 kurarak enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc devletle\u015ftirmeyi denedi. Ancak uzmanlar\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00a0PDVSA’n\u0131n kasas\u0131n\u0131n f\u00fctursuzca kamu harcamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1979’daki \u0130ran ink\u0131lab\u0131 \u00a0neticesinde artan petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n talebi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi Venezuela’y\u0131 1982’den 1989’a kadar s\u00fcrecek bir mali buhrana s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Sonras\u0131nda Devletle\u015ftirmenin de pek ise yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren PDVSA, bu sefer bir d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m politikas\u0131 g\u00fcderek uluslararas\u0131 piyasalarda payda\u015flar \u00a0bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Avrupa ve Amerika’da rafineriler sat\u0131n almak gibi giri\u015fimler \u00a0neticesinde Venezuela, petrol \u00fcretimi 1989’da tekrar g\u00fcnl\u00fck 2 milyon varilin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.1989’da Perez, ikinci kez se\u00e7imlerde ipi g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleyip, bu sefer ayn\u0131 hatalar\u0131 tekrarlammamak ad\u0131na \u00a0bir teknokratlar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurdu, IMF deste\u011fini de arkas\u0131na alarak \u00a0mali disiplini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karan, “B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm” ad\u0131nda bir paket a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Her ne kadar program\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 taraflar\u0131 olduysa da , \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemeyen yozla\u015fma, yolsuzluk kemer s\u0131kma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015fen petrol fiyatlar\u0131 ile birle\u015fince “Caracazo” diye an\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck protesto dalgalar\u0131 \u00fclkeyi kas\u0131p kavurdu. Siyasi buhran, biri Hugo Chavez taraf\u0131ndan olmak \u00fczere1992’de iki darbe giri\u015fimi , 1993’te Perez’in yolsuzluk nedeniyle g\u00f6revden edilmesi ile devam ederken, ekonomik krizler de pe\u015fi pe\u015fine \u00a0gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1994’te h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devralan Rafael Caldera petrol end\u00fcstrisine yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 tekrar te\u015fvik edip, azami petrol \u00fcretimi ve ihrac\u0131 stratejisi ile Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol \u00fcretimi 1974’ten beri ilk defa tekrar g\u00fcnde 3 milyon varilin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, 1998’de g\u00fcnde 3.5 milyon varile yakla\u015fm\u0131t\u0131.Caldera’n\u0131n gayesi , PDVSA’y\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ortamda rekabet eden bir firma haline getirmekti. Ancak bir kere daha 1998-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ekononomik krizler nedeniyle d\u00fc\u015fen petrol fiyatlar\u0131 tekere \u00e7omak soktular. Caldera, 1998 sonunda se\u00e7imlerde Hugo Chavez’e yenildi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 14 y\u0131ll\u0131k Chavez d\u00f6nemi geliyordu. Zira Rafael Caldera \u2018n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmeti devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1994\u2019te\u00a0Chavez hapisten tahliye olmu\u015f\u00a0 yeni\u00a0 siyasi partisini kurmu\u015ftu.yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hugo Chavez, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1999 ba\u015f\u0131nda devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol \u00fcretimi g\u00fcnde 3.5 milyon varildi, 2013’te hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu\u011funda ise \u00a02.7 milyon varildi.Bu rakam, halefi Maduro’nun y\u00f6netiminde g\u00fcnl\u00fck 2 milyon varile d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumdayd\u0131. 2000 senesinde rakibi Francisco Arias\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri y\u00fczde 20\u2019nin \u00fczerinde bir farkla kazanmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131yd\u0131 Chavez i\u00e7in. Petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne, ilk defa 2001’de el atan Chavez, al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k bir re\u00e7ete ile Venezuela’daki b\u00fct\u00fcn rezerv arama, petrol \u00fcretim, sat\u0131\u015f vb. i\u015flerini h\u00fck\u00fcmete ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f bu da \u00a0Venezuela’n\u0131n bilhassa tetkiki ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor Orinoco Kemeri’ndeki a\u011f\u0131r petrol rezervelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan BP, Chevron, CNPC, Conoco, Exxon, Lukoil, Petronas, Repsol, Statoil, Total gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck uluslararas\u0131 firmalar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst eden ilk ad\u0131m olmu\u015ftu. K\u0131saca Chavez o sene devlete ait petrol \u015firketi PDVSA\u2019n\u0131n (Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.) ham petrol arama ve \u00e7\u0131karma projelerinde son s\u00f6z hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde edecek bir yasa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Aral\u0131k 2002’de PDVSA y\u00f6netimi, Chavez’in politikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkenin petrol \u00fcretimini olumsuz etkileyece\u011fini g\u00f6rerek genel greve gitmi\u015fti. Kaynaklar \u00dclkenin petrol \u00fcretiminin, Kas\u0131m 2002’de 3.3 milyon varil\/g\u00fcn iken, Ocak 2003’te g\u00fcnde sadece 700 bin varile kadar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermekte. Ekonominin ba\u015fa\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gitmesine ra\u011fmen bu protestoya ve arada bir de darbe giri\u015fimine direnen Chavez, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak 19 bin PDVSA i\u015f\u00e7isini kovmu\u015f ve o zamana kadar \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131 olan PDVSA’y\u0131 Enerji ve Petrol Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve “Fonden” ad\u0131nda, petrol gelirlerinin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sadece kendisinin kullanabildi\u011fi bir fon kurmu\u015ftu Uzmanlara g\u00f6re ,Chavez’in Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol end\u00fcstrisine ikinci darbesi 2007’de devlet gelirlerini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00fclkedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 firmalar\u0131n operasyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funluk haklar\u0131n\u0131 PDVSA’ya devrederek gelmesiydii.Sert devletle\u015ftirme ad\u0131mlar\u0131, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmalar nedeniyle ya\u015fanan tecr\u00fcbe ve bilgi kay\u0131plar\u0131, Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol end\u00fcstrisine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kesmi\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck operasyonel kabiliyet kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Chavez’in pop\u00fclist politikas\u0131n\u0131n finansman\u0131 da memleketi hayli yormaktayd\u0131. Kanaat \u00f6nderleri Venezuela’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol m\u00fc\u015fterisi hala ABDPetrol end\u00fcstrisi, y\u00fcksek maliyetli bir end\u00fcstri. \u00dcretimi artt\u0131rmak de\u011fil, sadece sabit tutmak i\u00e7in dahi milyarlarca dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m gerekmekte oldu\u011fu yolunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f belrtmekteler ve onlara g\u00f6re. Y\u00fcksek petrol fiyatlar\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir etken. Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol \u00fcretimini petrol fiyatlar\u0131 100 dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde seyrederken dahi artt\u0131ramam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, end\u00fcstrinin \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc halde oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesi. Ve \u00a0“emperyalist bat\u0131” ve “devrim” s\u00f6ylemleri ile at\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ad\u0131mlar Venezuela’y\u0131 daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00fclke yapmaktan ziyade bilakis Venezuela iflas etmemek i\u00e7in Bat\u0131l\u0131 petrol firmalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan bo\u015flu\u011fu, daha k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlara \u00c7inli ve Rus firmalara vermek zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7in, Venezuela’ya petrol kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 2007’den beri 50 milyar dolardan fazla kredi verdi, bunun yar\u0131s\u0131 civar\u0131 petrol olarak \u00c7in’e “\u00f6dendi”. \u00c7in’in en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u015firketi CNPC, Venezuela’da en b\u00fcy\u00fck akt\u00f6rlerden biri konumuna geldi. Yine kaynakalr Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Chavez iktidar\u0131 boyunca Venezuela’ya 11 milyar dolarl\u0131k silah satt\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmekte ve. PDVSA, Rus petrol devi Rosneft’e ortakl\u0131k ve Venezuela’n\u0131n Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki rafineri firmas\u0131 C\u0130TGO’yu ipotek olarak verdi\u011fini belirtmekte.<\/p>\n

Ve\u00a0 analizinde(Kozako\u011flu)\u00a0mevcut jeopolitik ironiye i\u015faret etmekte: ABD taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara u\u011frayan Rusya, Venezuela’n\u0131n borcunu \u00f6deyememesi durumunda teorik olarak ABD’nin rafineri kapasitesinin %4’\u00fcne sahip olabilir. ABD demi\u015fken, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu siyasi ser\u00fcven esnas\u0131nda, ABD ham petrol ithalinin onda birini Venezuela’dan yaparak Venezuela’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol m\u00fc\u015fterisi, bir anlamda en b\u00fcy\u00fck gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. ABD, hala Venezuela’dan g\u00fcnde 720 bin varil petrol ithal ediyor ve Venezuela’ya g\u00fcnde 110 bin varil ihra\u00e7 ediyor. Chavez’in pop\u00fclist politikalar\u0131, iyi niyetli ya da bilgisizce, Venezuela ekonomisinin ana gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 petrol \u00fcretiminin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda tekrar toparlanmas\u0131n\u0131 imkans\u0131z hale getirdi. Halefi Maduro’nun siyasi yolu da benzer\u00a0 istikamette gitmekte.\u0130ranl\u0131lar 1951’de Muhammed Musadd\u0131k’\u0131 se\u00e7imle i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na getirmi\u015f ve Musadd\u0131k hemen \u00fclkedeki petrol i\u015fletmelerini yeniden kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yoluna gitmi\u015fti. \u0130ran’\u0131n petrol \u00fcretimi daha \u00f6nce bir \u0130ngiltere – \u0130ran ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Anglo-Persian Oil Company’nin elindeydi. Bu \u015firket daha sonra British Petroleum’a (BP) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecekti. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131, \u0130ran petrol\u00fcn\u00fc 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ekonomik yap\u0131lanma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayli m\u00fchim \u00a0bir unsur olarak g\u00f6ren ABD ve \u0130ngiltere’de b\u00fcy\u00fck kayg\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zira\u00a0 \u0130ngilizlerin\u00a0\u0130ran petrol\u00fc \u00fczerindeki\u00a0imtiyazlar\u0131 sona ermekteydi.<\/p>\n

2016 senesinde man\u015fetlere yerle\u015fen habeler Baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re, 1999’dan o tar\u015fhe kadar \u00a02,5 milyon insan \u00fclkeyi terk etti ve Venezuela \u015fu anda ABD\u2019yi y\u00f6netiyor diyordu. iltica talepleri.nin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor, bu y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak, \u00fclke demokratik \u00f6zellikleri otokratik olanlarla birle\u015ftiren bir t\u00fcr siyasal sistem olan hibrit rejimden tamamen otoriterle\u015fmeye ge\u00e7ti. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, b\u00f6lge se\u00e7imlerini erteledi ve Ekim 2016’da Maduro’ya kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma referandumunu ask\u0131ya ald\u0131. Maduro, Millet Meclisi’ni feshetmeye, uluslararas\u0131 z\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6sterileri k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya ve kendi partisinin \u00fcyelerinden k\u0131nanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d\u015feklinde haberleri servis ederken, baz\u0131 analistlerin \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde olabilece\u011finden korktu\u011funa da vurgu yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

2017 A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda \u00a0Venezuela’da binlerce h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterici, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump’un, \u00fclkedeki siyasi krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda askeri m\u00fcdahaleyi bir se\u00e7enek olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcren yorumlar\u0131na tepki olarak sokaklara \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sanki d\u00fcn gibiydi.<\/p>\n

Amerikan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 slogan atan protestocular, hoparl\u00f6rlerden yay\u0131lan salsa m\u00fczikleri e\u015fli\u011finde Caracas’taki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k saray\u0131 Miraflores’e y\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Darbeler darbe gir\u015fimleri ve enerji i\u015fte Venezuela.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm geli\u015fmeleri sonuca ba\u011flarsak tekrar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze, Nisan sonu May\u0131s ba\u015f\u0131na \u00a0(2019) gelmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMF -Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu verilerine g\u00f6re Venezuela ekonomisi 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 18 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrken enflasyon ayn\u0131 y\u0131lda y\u00fczde 1.3 milyon d\u00fczeyinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bor\u00e7 bata\u011f\u0131na batm\u0131\u015f\u00a0 \u00fclkede halk, ekonomik zorluklar ve \u00f6zellikle hiper enflasyon nedeniyle temel ihtiya\u00e7 maddelerine ula\u015famama sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n zaanda a\u015facak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicolas Maduro \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Washington, yapt\u0131r\u0131m listesine Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol \u015fefi ve kilit istihbarat yetkililerini de dahil edeli bir ka\u00e7 ay ge\u00e7ti ve son darbe gir\u015fimi sonras\u0131 Venezuela\u00a0petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump, y\u00f6netimi hem \u0130ran hem de Venezuela\u2019dan Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nem Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019dan gelen ihracat\u0131 e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak kesmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken potansiyel bir ikilemle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. ABD’de akaryak\u0131t fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma konusunda endi\u015feli oldu\u011funu ve her iki \u00fclkenin varillerini de ayn\u0131 anda kaybetmek konusunda endi\u015feli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtti.3 May\u0131s\u2019ta\u00a0 Reuters\u2019e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na tedarik sa\u011flama konusunda isteksiz oldu\u011funu ve Haziran\u2019da \u00fcretimi art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak ihracat\u0131 art\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirdi. Bununla birlikte, ABD’deki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc stoklar ve \u00fcretimin yard\u0131m\u0131yla, petrol piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00a0bu hafta bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya devam etti. Brent ham petrol\u00fc ge\u00e7en Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc 71 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda, varil ba\u015f\u0131na 1 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131na geriledi.<\/p>\n

PDVSA’\u2019n\u0131n tam kapasiteyle petrol \u00fcretme kabiliyetindeki kayda de\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, Rusya ve \u00c7in’\u2019den ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 kredileri geri \u00f6demek i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcrettiklerinin \u00e7o\u011funu Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019e ihra\u00e7 etmekte ve bu ba\u011flamda dev petrol\u00a0rezervlerini Rusya ve \u00c7in’in eri\u015fimine a\u00e7an\u00a0Venezuela,\u2019da s\u00fcre\u00e7 nas\u0131l ilerleyecek \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde izleyece\u011fiz fakat g\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki durum devam edecek zira,\u00fcretilen petrol\u00fcn nitelikli bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilememesi, \u00c7in ve Rusya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere rakip \u00fclkelerin Venezuela’n\u0131n petrol yataklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki i\u015fletim haklar\u0131n\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn geni\u015fletmesi, ayr\u0131ca ABD\u2019li \u015firketlere Venezuela pazar\u0131ndan pay verilmemesi gibi sebeplerden dolay\u0131, ABD ile Venezuela aras\u0131nda gerginlik daha da artmakta. Bu arada hat\u0131rlatmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00c7in Ulusal Petrol \u015eirketi (CNPC), Venezuela\u2019da petrol ve do\u011falgaz aramalar\u0131n\u0131 yapan en b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda yeralmakta ve\u00a0 \u00c7in Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kredit\u00f6rlerinden. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u00c7in, h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomisinin enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in petrol kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kredi anla\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Venezuela\u2019ya 50 milyar dolarl\u0131k ekonomik gelir sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

CNN\u2019in bildirdi\u011fine g\u00f6re bu arada, Trump y\u00f6netimi, Guaido\u2019nun finansman\u0131na yard\u0131m etmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 ar\u0131yor. Rusya, Maduro\u2019yu destekliyor ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Sergei Lavrov Per\u015fembe g\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00f6netimin duru\u015funu sert bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirirken BM t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve uluslararas\u0131 hukukun ilke ve normlar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 pozisyonun izlenen stratei ve politikalarla nas\u0131l birle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fine dair umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini ifade etmekteydi. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz hafta Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc Trump – Putin aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan konu\u015fmada Venezuela’ ya dair, geli\u015fmelerde iki taraf\u0131nda benzer hisler i\u00e7indeyiz \u015feklindeki konu\u015fma ve tav\u0131rlar\u0131 hayli ironik ve manidar idi.<\/p>\n

5 May\u0131s 2019 tarihinde PDVSA resmi sitesinde<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Nicol\u00e1s Maduro taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilen misyonun yerine getirilmesiyle, petrol i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve Bolivarc\u0131 Devrim’in liderli\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda etkin bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tekliflerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sistematikle\u015ftirilmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Kuzey Amerika \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ekonomik sald\u0131r\u0131. Bu s\u00fcrecin sonucu, Ulusal Deneysel G\u00fcvenlik \u00dcniversitesi (UNES) ‘nin merkezinde, Karakas’ta, ana sanayimizin operasyonel ve idari alanlar\u0131nda \u00fclke genelinde yank\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ad\u0131na somut d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri sunan kurucu Mervin Maldonado taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir demokratik tatbikat olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, “yaln\u0131zca bir Nicol\u00e1s Maduro h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir Devrim var” dedi. Sekt\u00f6rel Sosyal ve B\u00f6lgesel Sosyalizm Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Arist\u00f3bulo Ist\u00fariz, Venezuela’da diyalog i\u00e7in 16.800’den fazla meclisin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Antonio Machuca i\u00e7in, bu pop\u00fcler ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 “, Devrim i\u00e7inde i\u015flenen yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlerin d\u00fczeltilmesinde yeni bir yol bulma ve uygulanabilir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in katk\u0131 bulma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yor. Petrol Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6neriler, kollektif \u00e7abaya dayal\u0131 olarak petrol \u00fcretimimizi geri kazanman\u0131n tam yolunu g\u00f6steriyor.” \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klamalara rastl\u0131yoruz. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar iki z\u0131t kutbun olaylar\u0131 nas\u0131l farkl\u0131 noktalardan\u00a0 anlatt\u0131klar\u0131na da bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

Oligar\u015finin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, eksen de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ‘Boli-burjuvazi’, ‘Bolivarc\u0131 burjuvazi’ ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen, \u00fcretimi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenememi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra mevcut k\u00fcresel politikalar nedeniyle ve dahi ABD’nin yo\u011fun bask\u0131 ve\u00a0 ambargosuyla \u00a0a\u00e7maz\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde a\u015fmas\u0131 beklenmeyen Venezuela\u2019da geli\u015fmeleri gelecekte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yenilenebilir enerjiye, s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ve “fosil yak\u0131ta hay\u0131r” retori\u011fine y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6nmesi ekseninden tekrar ele almak \u00fczere haftan\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n esenlik i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7mesini dileyerek\u00a0 sonland\u0131ral\u0131m o halde bu makalemizi de.<\/p>\n

\u00c7i\u011fdem Yorganc\u0131o\u011flu\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Energy Contracts Expert \/ Forensic Person \/ \u2018Enerji Gazetesi\u2019 Author \u2013\u00a0cigdem.yorgancioglu@enerjigazetesi.ist<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0http:\/\/www.cigdemyorgancioglu.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[1] https:\/\/www.gecf.org\/countries\/venezuela<\/a><\/p>\n

[1] The week in energy: \u2018Operation Liberty\u2019 in Venezuela FT-Financial Times<\/a> Ed Crooks MAY 4, 2019<\/p>\n

[1] http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com.tr\/ulke-profili\/ulke-profili-venezuela<\/a>\u00a0 The week in energy: \u2018Operation Liberty\u2019 in Venezuela FT-Financial Times<\/a> Ed Crooks MAY 4, 2019<\/p>\n

[1] The Week in Energy: Venezuela and Oil\u201d,\u00a0Financial Times<\/a> February 2019<\/p>\n

[1] https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2019\/feb\/07\/venezuela-maduro-us-aid-trucks-arrive-colombia-border<\/a><\/p>\n

[1] Stay Out of Venezuela, Mr. Trump President Maduro needs to go, but an American-backed coup is not the answer. By\u00a0The Editorial Board 11 Sept 2018<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/11\/opinion\/venezuela-donald-trump-coup.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Venezuela Accuses U.S. of Plotting Coup Against Maduro\u00a0 8 Sept 2018<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/08\/world\/americas\/venezuela-coup-plot-maduro.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[1] Nicolas Maduro \u00a9 SPUTN\u0130K<\/p>\n

[1] https:\/\/tr.sputniknews.com\/guney_amerika\/201708091029630336-rusya-venezuella-pdvsa-yatirim\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[1] 10 Agustos 2017\u00a0 http:\/\/turkrus.com\/431411-rusyadan-zor-durumdaki-venezuela-baskani-maduroya-6-milyar-dolarlik-hayat-opucugu-xh.aspx<\/p>\n

[1] BBC- Venezuela ekonomisi neden \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc? C\u00fcneyt Kazoko\u011flu Enerji piyasas\u0131 uzman\u0131 2 A\u011fustos 2017<\/p>\n

Ref:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.pdvsa.com\/index.php?lang=es<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/long_reads\/how-venezuela-went-from-the-richest-economy-in-south-america-to-the-brink-of-financial-ruin-a7740616.html<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Bu makalenin amac\u0131 1998’de Hugo Chavez’in iktidara gelmesinden bu yana sosyalist rejimle idare edilen hali haz\u0131rda ABD y\u00f6netimi destekli muhalefetin bask\u0131s\u0131na s\u00fcrekli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":92458,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[46,51,53,44],"tags":[34390,1128,19761,34929,23219,46812,21919,3851,67,1009,46813,34935,2388,34937,34936,16731],"views":1521,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92454"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=92454"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92454\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/92458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=92454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=92454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}