{"id":8305,"date":"2013-03-14T15:46:23","date_gmt":"2013-03-14T12:46:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=8305"},"modified":"2013-03-14T16:51:53","modified_gmt":"2013-03-14T13:51:53","slug":"nukleer-enerji-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/nukleer-enerji-ve-turkiye\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) N\u00fckleer Enerji Ve T\u00fcrkiye…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

N\u00fckleer enerjinin prensibi, zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranyumun atomlar\u0131n\u0131 kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7alayarak \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcksek enerji ile elektrik \u00fcretimine dayan\u0131r. Uranyum atomlar\u0131na d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan kontrollu bir \u015fekilde n\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r, bozulan her bir atomdan ayr\u0131lan n\u00f6tronlar kom\u015fu atoma sald\u0131r\u0131r ve bu n\u00f6tron tutucu \u00f6zel mekanizmayla durdurulana kadar zincirleme reaksiyon olarak devam eder. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Uranyumun zenginle\u015ftirilmesi i\u015flemi ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir i\u015ftir. Tarih\u00e7esine bakarsak bunda ilk olarak ama\u00e7lanan enerji \u00fcretimi de\u011fil, en \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl silahlardan biri olan atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretebilmekti. \u0130kinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakiben uranyum zenginle\u015ftirmesini enerji \u00fcretmede kullanmaya ba\u015flayan o zamanki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve ABD, pe\u015f pe\u015fe tesisler a\u00e7arak (1954-56), asl\u0131nda bir silah olan zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranyumu kesintisiz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Manhattan Projesi ve Dullar K\u00f6y\u00fc…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Amerika, \u0130ngiltere ve Kanada 1939 y\u0131l\u0131nda, atom bombas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranuyumu \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 birli\u011fi yaparak, 2 milyar dolar b\u00fct\u00e7e ile bir projeye ba\u015flad\u0131 (\u015fu an 130 milyar dolar). Manhattan Projesi.. Trajik hikayelerle dolu bu proje kapsam\u0131nda ilk atom bombas\u0131 (Trinity) deneme ama\u00e7l\u0131 New Mexico \u00e7\u00f6llerine , daha sonra da bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki’ye at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uranyum radyoaktif bir element oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda da \u00f6zel tedbirler almak gerekmekteydi. O d\u00f6nemde de radyoaktiviteden korunma imkanlar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, i\u015f\u00e7i olarak maden oca\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Deline Kabilesi’nin k\u0131z\u0131lderilileri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edildi.<\/p>\n

Projenin en trajik hikayelerinden biridir Dullar K\u00f6y\u00fc. Bugunk\u00fc \u015fartlarda kabul edilmesi zor g\u00f6r\u00fclse de, yerlilerin ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o d\u00f6nemde, maden oca\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir \u00f6nlem almadan, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu\u011funu bile bile, bez \u00e7uvallarla uranyum cevheri ta\u015f\u0131tt\u0131r\u0131lan yerlilerin tamam\u0131 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, Deline k\u00f6y\u00fcnde erkek kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de bu k\u00f6ye “Dullar K\u00f6y\u00fc” ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. (1940- 1960) Merak edenler i\u00e7in bu konuda tavsiye edebilece\u011fim bir belgesel de var: “Village of Widows- Peter Blow”.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer tesisler ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"K\u0131saca n\u00fckleer enerjinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na bakt\u0131ktan sonra g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelirsek, Amerika 104 reakt\u00f6rle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla n\u00fckleer enerji tesisine sahip \u00fclkesidir. Hal b\u00f6yle olsa da, \u00fclkelerin co\u011frafi b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2013elektrik \u00fcretimindeki oranla- 59 reakt\u00f6rl\u00fc Fransa’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ikinci s\u0131radad\u0131r. Amerika elektrik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 19’unu n\u00fckleerden sa\u011flarken Fransa’da bu oran y\u00fczde 75’in \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n

Kazalar\u0131na ve at\u0131klar\u0131na bir sonraki yaz\u0131mda de\u011finece\u011fim n\u00fckleer enerji, inanmas\u0131 zor olsa da \u00e7evre y\u00f6n\u00fcnden en temiz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnya turizminin merkezi olan New York ve Paris’in n\u00fckleer enerji santralleriyle \u00e7evrili oldu\u011funu bir \u00e7ok insan bilmez. Sadece New York’ta 6 adet aktif reakt\u00f6r bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkeler baz\u0131nda bakarsak n\u00fckleerde b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 olan \u00fclkeler;<\/p>\n

Amerika – Aktif -103- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 32
\nFransa – Aktif -59 -\u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 2
\nJaponya – Aktif -55- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 14
\nRusya – Aktif -31- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 35
\nKanada – Aktif -18- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 10
\n\u0130ngiltere – Aktif -18- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 4
\nHindistan – Aktif -17- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 25
\nAlmanya – Aktif -17- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 0
\n\u00c7in – Aktif -11- \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 devam eden 121<\/p>\n

Bu listede en \u00e7ok dikkati \u00e7eken iki \u00fclke Almanya ve \u00c7in. Alternatif enerjide \u00f6nemli bir yol kaydeden Almanya, e\u011fer \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda politikas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmezse 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer enerji tesislerini kapatmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden de yeni tesis in\u015faas\u0131 yok. Almanya’n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki elektrik \u00fcretiminin %32’si n\u00fckleer enerjiden.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan da her alanda dev at\u0131l\u0131mlar yapan \u00c7in’de 121 adet tesis in\u015faas\u0131 var. \u015eu an kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektri\u011fin %2’sini n\u00fckleerden sa\u011flayan \u00c7in’de, tesisler bitti\u011finde bu oran %26 olacak. Kaya gaz\u0131nda da Amerika’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi olacak \u00c7in bu gidi\u015fle n\u00fckleer enerjide de Amerika’ya kafa tutacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgemiz ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya ile rekabet etme ve ekonomide ilk 10 \u00fclke aras\u0131na girme hedefi koyan T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in n\u00fckleer enerjinin \u00f6nemi ortad\u0131r. Do\u011fal kaynak fakirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye’ye \u00e7ok benzeyen Fransa’y\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde bu durum kolayca anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Fransa, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol\u00fcn %99’unu, do\u011falgaz\u0131n da %97’sini ithal ediyor. Neredeyse T\u00fcrkiye ile ayn\u0131. Ama genel enerji ithal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda fark ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Fransa’da bu oran %50’nin alt\u0131ndayken, T\u00fcrkiye’de %75 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kap\u0131 kom\u015fumuz Ermenistan’da 1 ve Bulgaristan’da 2 adet n\u00fckleer tesis bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ermenistan ikinci tesisin in\u015faas\u0131n\u0131 prograna al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00fclkeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Avrupa’daki kurulu reakt\u00f6rlere bakacak olursak,<\/p>\n

\u0130sve\u00e7’te 10,
\n\u0130spanya’da 8,
\nBel\u00e7ika’da 7,
\n\u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti’nde 6,
\n\u0130svi\u00e7re’de 5,
\nFinlandiya, Macaristan ve Slovakya’da 4,
\nLitvanya ve Hollanda’da 1..<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus ve co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan bir \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin durumu ortada. Bir yandan bu \u00fclkelerle rekabet etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan da n\u00fckleere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n devletin siyasi ve stratejik politikas\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k. T\u00fcrkiye \u015fimdilik 2 n\u00fckleer tesis projesi a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u0130lki Rusya ile 2010’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anla\u015fma ile Akkuyu’da kuruluyor, alt yap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130kinci tesisin ise Sinop’ta kurulmas\u0131 planlan\u0131yor. Toplam kapasite 10.000 MW olacak.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada hali haz\u0131rda 439 kurulu reakt\u00f6r varken, n\u00fckleer enerjiyi program\u0131na almayan sadece 5 \u00fclke var. Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda, Portekiz, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130rlanda. Bu 5 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde \u2013y\u00f6netim zaafiyeti yoksa, ya n\u00fckleer tesis var, ya da planlama ve in\u015faat a\u015famas\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

Hal b\u00f6yleyken b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedefini ortaya koyan T\u00fcrkiye’nin, daha \u00f6nceki kazalardan ders \u00e7\u0131kararak kuraca\u011f\u0131 modern n\u00fckleer tesisten korkmak yerine, kap\u0131 kom\u015fusu Ermenistan’da hali haz\u0131rda kurulu olan 1980 model ve teknolojik olarak da eski olan n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rde herhangi bir kaza olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in dua etmesi gerekiyor. Ya da Bulgaristan’daki 1987 model tesis i\u00e7in…<\/p>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0 New York Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (NYIT), Enerji Y\u00f6netimi Y\u00fcksek Lisans Program\u0131<\/em><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.N\u00fckleer enerjinin prensibi, zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranyumun atomlar\u0131n\u0131 kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7alayarak \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcksek enerji ile elektrik \u00fcretimine dayan\u0131r. Uranyum atomlar\u0131na d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan kontrollu bir \u015fekilde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8306,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,43],"tags":[3493,19,67,18,21,88,3492,846],"views":784,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8305"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8305"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8305\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8311,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8305\/revisions\/8311"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8305"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}