{"id":77953,"date":"2018-08-24T21:31:16","date_gmt":"2018-08-24T18:31:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=77953"},"modified":"2018-08-24T21:31:16","modified_gmt":"2018-08-24T18:31:16","slug":"gecmisten-gelecege-elektrikli-araclar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/gecmisten-gelecege-elektrikli-araclar\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften Gelece\u011fe Elektrikli Ara\u00e7lar…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n uzun zamand\u0131r hayat\u0131m\u0131zda oldu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ek ancak son iki y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda ve \u00fcretiminde inan\u0131lmaz art\u0131\u015flar s\u00f6z konusu oldu. \u00c7evreci bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve daha geni\u015f kitleler taraf\u0131ndan ses bulmas\u0131na ilaveten k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ve fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n azalmas\u0131 gibi insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyecek etmenler yeni teknoloji aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek\u00e7isi oldular. Bu arz\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 talep sonucunda 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck otomobil \u00fcreticisi firmalar elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik gelecek planlar\u0131n\u0131 birer birer a\u00e7\u0131klamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu yaz\u0131da elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze olan geli\u015fim yolcu\u011funu art\u0131lar\u0131 ve eksileri incelenerek, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Elektrikli ara\u00e7 piyasas\u0131n\u0131n marka ve \u00fclke bazl\u0131 geni\u015f analizi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eTEN G\u00dcN\u00dcM\u00dcZE ELEKTR\u0130KL\u0130 ARA\u00c7LAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u0131zla yayg\u0131nla\u015fan elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n tarihi asl\u0131nda i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131nkinden daha eskiye dayan\u0131yor. \u0130lk Elektrikli Ara\u00e7 (EA) modeli Profes\u00f6r Straitingh taraf\u0131ndan 1835 y\u0131l\u0131nda \"\"Hollanda\u2019da geli\u015ftirildi [1]. 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019da \u015firketler elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u00fcretip satmaktayd\u0131. Hatta 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Amerika\u2019daki elektrikli ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131 benzinli ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlayd\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla menzil art\u0131rma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu nedenle elektrik motoru ile benzinli motoru birle\u015ftirme fikri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, b\u00f6ylelikle ilk hibrit yap\u0131 denendi. Ancak 1920-1960 y\u0131llar\u0131nda benzin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, Charles Kettering\u2019in mar\u015f motorunu bulmas\u0131, Amerika\u2019daki yollar\u0131n iyile\u015fmesiyle uzun menzilli ara\u00e7 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, Henry Ford\u2019un i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 seri \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, ara\u00e7 maliyetlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 elektrikli ara\u00e7lara ilgi azalm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130YM (\u0130\u00e7ten Yanmal\u0131 Motor)\u2019li ara\u00e7lar d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur [2]. Otomotiv \u015firketleri \u0130YM ara\u00e7lar\u0131n seri \u00fcretimine ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu olay da 1930\u2019larda elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. 1960 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011fimizde \u0130YM\u2019lerin sebep oldu\u011fu hava kirlili\u011fini \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6nemi yeniden ortaya kondu. Amerika, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa gibi \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fanan petrol kriziyle birlikte elektrikli ara\u00e7lara h\u0131z verildi. 1980\u2019lerde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7evre dostu olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu ara\u00e7lara ekonomik te\u015fvikler vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara yakla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken Toyota Prius ad\u0131 verilen ilk seri \u00fcretim hibrit ara\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Artan benzin fiyatlar\u0131 ve karbon kirlili\u011fi ile ilgili endi\u015feler, Prius\u2019u son y\u0131llarda en \u00e7ok sat\u0131lan hibrit haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1 \u2013 Prius<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bu kadar g\u00fcndeme gelmesinde etkili olan bir di\u011fer olay ise Tesla Motors\u2019un tek \u015farjla 330 km\u2019den fazla yol alabilecek l\u00fcks bir elektrikli otomobil \u00fcretece\u011fini duyurmas\u0131 oldu. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tesla Motors \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tesla Roadster\u2019\u0131 ilk defa m\u00fc\u015fteriye sundu. Tesla\u2019 n\u0131n bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 di\u011fer otomobil \u015firketlerini de bu konuda te\u015fvik etti. 2010\u2019 da hibrit bir otomobil olan Chevy Volt ve tamamen elektrikli olan Nissan LEAF piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. D\u00fcnyadaki petrol rezervlerinin \u00f6nemli bir hissesine sahip olan Rusya Federasyonu, elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir karar ald\u0131 ve t\u00fcm benzin istasyonlar\u0131na elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u015farj cihaz\u0131 yerle\u015ftirme zorunlulu\u011fu getirdi. Ayn\u0131 sene \u00c7in\u2019de hibrit ve elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 toplamda 200 bini buldu ve \u00c7in\u2019den T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ithal elektrikli ara\u00e7lar olan Yogomo, Fulu, Jmstar Cabrio ve Omnia gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck b\u00fct\u00e7eli elektrikli ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ilgi g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte yeni pil teknolojileri geli\u015ftirilerek ara\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, enerjisi ve performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeyse artan benzin fiyatlar\u0131, petrol\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ve geli\u015fen teknoloji elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli etmenlerdir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcketiciler elektrikli ara\u00e7 almak istediklerinde daha fazla se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahip oldular. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi asl\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a eskiye dayan\u0131yor. Ancak bu sefer piyasada kalma konusunda kararl\u0131 gibi duruyor.<\/p>\n

ELEKTR\u0130KL\u0130 ARA\u00c7 T\u00dcRLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar tam elektrikli ara\u00e7lar, hibrit elektrikli ara\u00e7lar ve yak\u0131t pilli elektrikli ara\u00e7lar olmak \u00fczere 3 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplanabilir. \u00a0Tam elektrikli ara\u00e7lar yaln\u0131zca elektrik motoru kullan\u0131rlar. Bataryalar\u0131n beslenip \u015farj olabilmesi i\u00e7in ara\u00e7taki elektrik motoru jenerat\u00f6r gibi kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00fcretti\u011fi elektrik enerjisi ile bataryalar\u0131 besler [3]. \u00a0\u0130YM\u2019lu ara\u00e7larla k\u0131yaslad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda yak\u0131t maliyeti olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve bak\u0131m maliyeti de azd\u0131r [4]. Tam elektrikli ara\u00e7lar zararl\u0131 hi\u00e7bir gaz a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ara\u00e7lar \u201cs\u0131f\u0131r emisyonlu ara\u00e7lar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00fcretim maliyeti ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sat\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek ve menzilinin k\u0131sa, \u015farj s\u00fcresinin uzun olmas\u0131 gibi nedenler elektrikli arac\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engeldir. Bu nedenle hibrit elektrikli ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok ilgi g\u00f6rmektedir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu tip ara\u00e7larda hem elektrik motoru hem de i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motor bir arada bulunmaktad\u0131r. Arac\u0131n \u015farj\u0131n\u0131n bitmesi durumunda ise i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorla yola devam edilebilir. Yak\u0131t pilli elektrikli ara\u00e7lar ise bunlardan biraz daha farkl\u0131 olarak hidrojen ve oksijenin tepkimesinden yararlan\u0131rlar. Tam elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bataryas\u0131 gibi uzun s\u00fcreli \u015farja ihtiya\u00e7 duymaz aksine enerji \u00fcretirler. Ancak bu noktada hidrojenin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sorunu kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektrikli ara\u00e7 tiplerinden sonra \u015fimdi de \u015farj tiplerine de\u011finebiliriz. \u0130lk olarak arac\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 normal veya h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj y\u00f6ntemleriyle \u015farj edebilirsiniz. Normal \u015farj dedi\u011fimiz tip 22 kW\u2019a kadar desteklemektedir ve \u015farj s\u00fcresi ortalama 3 saattir. H\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj genellikle kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda arac\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj etmeniz i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. H\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ise 50 kW ile 120kW aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyor, s\u00fcre ise yar\u0131m saate d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer y\u00f6ntem ise yeni ve \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntem olan kablosuz \u015farj y\u00f6ntemi. Bu y\u00f6ntemde ind\u00fcktif \u015farj denilen manyetik bir yol kullan\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131saca \u015farj cihaz\u0131ndaki bir bobinden arac\u0131n i\u00e7indeki bobine do\u011fru elektrik aktar\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bunun i\u00e7in arac\u0131n \u015farj cihaz\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmas\u0131 yeterlidir. BMW, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda 530e iPerformance hibrit i\u00e7in kablosuz \u015farj kaps\u00fcl\u00fc sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bir di\u011fer y\u00f6ntem \u201cQuickDrop\u201d ad\u0131 verilen batarya de\u011fi\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemidir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde batarya de\u011fi\u015fim istasyonunda ilk olarak sistem taraf\u0131ndan verilecek tan\u0131mlama bilgileri kontrol edilir ve arac\u0131n alt k\u0131sm\u0131 temizlenerek kurutma i\u015fleminden ge\u00e7irilir. Otomasyon kontroll\u00fc hidrolik sistem ara\u00e7taki de\u015farj olan bataryay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve haz\u0131rda bekletti\u011fi \u015farj edilmi\u015f olan di\u011fer bataryay\u0131 araca montajlar. Ara\u00e7tan indirilen de\u015farj olmu\u015f batarya sistem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla testlerden ge\u00e7irilerek so\u011futuculu \u015farj \u00fcnitesine kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. De\u015farj olan batarya 3 fazla beslenen 50 kW\u2019l\u0131k bir enerji ile 30 dakikada tam \u015farj edilir [5]. Ancak batarya de\u011fi\u015fim istasyonlar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak batarya bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla olacak \u015fekilde batarya \u00fcretilmedir. Bu durumda maliyet olduk\u00e7a y\u00fckselecek ve ara\u00e7 fiyatlar\u0131na da art\u0131 maliyet olarak yans\u0131yacakt\u0131r. Bunlara ek olarak geli\u015ftirilen V2G (vehicle to grid) konsepti vard\u0131r. V2G teknolojisini iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Bu istasyonlarda arac\u0131n Bataryas\u0131 hem \u015farj hem de\u015farj edilebilir. Bu konseptte ara\u00e7ta bulunan fazla enerji kullan\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 zaman \u015febekeye geri verilerek \u015febekenin arz talep dengesini sa\u011flar ve sistemi esnek hale getirir. Mitsubishi OUTLANDER PHEV, Hollanda\u2019daki elektrik \u015febekesini V2G teknolojisini kullanarak dengeleyen ilk otomobildir [6].<\/p>\n

\u0130ki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir V2G \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ise G\u00fcney Kaliforniya Edison ve Los Angeles Hava Kuvvetleri \u00dcss\u00fc Kaliforniya Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sistem \u0130\u015fletmecisi (CAISO) toptan elektrik piyasas\u0131 ile yak\u0131n zamanda tamamland\u0131. Proje, Nissan Leaf sedanlar\u0131, Ford F-Serisi kamyonlar ve VIA Motors VTRUX kamyonlar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere 32 elektrikli ve hibrit ara\u00e7tan olu\u015fuyordu. Otomobiller, frekans reg\u00fclasyonu sa\u011flad\u0131 ve \u015febeke frekans\u0131n\u0131 60 Hz\u2019 de sabit tutmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Nissan ve Ovo, V2G servisi sa\u011flamak konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli giri\u015fimlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken ABD\u2019de baz\u0131 teredd\u00fctler s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc elektrikli ara\u00e7 bataryalar\u0131n\u0131n enerji depolamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u00e7 performans\u0131n\u0131 veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilememesi gerekmektedir. M\u00fc\u015fteriler ayr\u0131ca V2G hizmetini etkinle\u015ftiren ekstra \u00f6zellikler i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapmaya istekli olmal\u0131d\u0131r [7].<\/p>\n

GER\u00c7EKTEN AVANTAJLI MI?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Artan sera gaz\u0131 emisyonu ve \u00e7evre kirlili\u011finin en g\u00f6zlenebilir sonucu olan k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma konusunda \u00f6nlem alman\u0131n art\u0131k ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmas\u0131 elektrikli ara\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelimimizi ve hatta bir noktada muhta\u00e7 olmam\u0131z\u0131n ana nedenidir [8][9]. Fosil yak\u0131tlar yerine s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kaynaklardan elde edilebilecek elektrik enerjisiyle ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu ara\u00e7lar s\u0131f\u0131r emisyon ile k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa umut niteli\u011finde bir geli\u015fmedir. CO2<\/sub>\u00a0sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerden ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok da a\u015fina olduklar\u0131 ses kirlili\u011fini azaltmada da olduk\u00e7a sessiz olan bu ara\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisi olaca\u011f\u0131 su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir ger\u00e7ektir [10]. Di\u011fer yandan bataryalarda kullan\u0131lan lityumun do\u011fada k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 miktarda bulunan bir element olmas\u0131 ve elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bataryalar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir kullan\u0131m \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 kafalarda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve \u00e7evrecilik konusunda soru i\u015faretleri yaratmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bataryalar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc ile birlikte geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm teknolojisinin de geli\u015ftiriliyor olmas\u0131 bu soruna bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

En belirgin dezavantajlar\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ilk al\u0131\u015f maliyetlerinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, \u015farj istasyon altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, menzillerinin k\u0131sa olmas\u0131 ve bataryalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Her ne kadar yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 de te\u015fvikler verilse de elektrikli ara\u00e7lar di\u011fer i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlu ara\u00e7larla ayn\u0131 fiyatta hatta bazen daha pahal\u0131ya sat\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna ek olarak elektrikli ara\u00e7 sahiplerinin bataryan\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc konusundaki endi\u015feleri ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir engeldir. Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n menzilinin k\u0131sa olmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle \u015fehirleraras\u0131 kullan\u0131m s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu zaman ciddi bir sorun te\u015fkil ediyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fartlar\u0131nda \u015farj s\u00fcreleri \u00e7ok uzun, \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise yetersizdir. Ara\u00e7ta a\u00e7\u0131lan klima, radyo gibi konfor i\u00e7in tercih edilen aksesuarlar enerjisini arac\u0131n bataryas\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in arac\u0131n \u015farj\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 t\u00fckenmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u00a0Buna ek olarak \u015farj ekipman\u0131 da yan\u0131n\u0131zda ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131z gerekmektedir. Bu sorundan dolay\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mevcut lityum-iyon batarya teknolojisiyle h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015farj s\u00fcresi 30 dakikaya kadar inmektedir. Tesla \u00f6zellikle \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m att\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 de 10 noktada \u201cSupercharger\u201d kuraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 [11]. Di\u011fer \u015farj operat\u00f6rlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdaysa yak\u0131n zamanda ENERJ\u0130SA taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan E-\u015farj ile Gersan, Voltrun firmalar\u0131 da \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ancak artan elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u015farj istasyonu say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015febekeye y\u00fck\u00fc da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketlerinin altyap\u0131lar\u0131nda iyile\u015ftirmeye gitmesini zorunlu k\u0131labilir. Enerjisa Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015eirketleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Murat P\u0131nar\u2019\u0131n 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00f6portajda de\u011findi\u011fi gibi trafikteki ara\u00e7lar\u0131n sadece %10\u2019un elektrikli ara\u00e7 olmas\u0131 durumunda Ankara\u2019da 15 milyon, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ise 40 Milyonluk ek yat\u0131r\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 var [12]. Di\u011fer sorun bataryalar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yeni bir teknoloji olan kat\u0131 hal bataryalar alternatif olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu bataryalar hacim olarak daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, daha hafif, y\u00fcksek kapasiteli ve daha ucuz. \u00a0Mevcut lityum iyon piller olas\u0131 bir kaza halinde \u00e7ok ciddi yang\u0131nlara sebep olabilirken kat\u0131 hal bataryalar\u0131 kaza an\u0131nda sistemi kapatarak yang\u0131n riskini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kat\u0131 hal bataryas\u0131 olan elektrikli bir araba, b\u00fct\u00fcn so\u011futma elemanlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve ucuz bir batarya ile daha uzun menzilde yol kat edebilir [13].<\/p>\n

ELEKTR\u0130KL\u0130 ARA\u00c7 P\u0130YASASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Markalar ve Gelecek Hedefleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz elektrikli otomobiller s\u00f6z konusu olunca piyasadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okuma bir depo \u015farj ile ne kadar uzun mesafe gidilebilece\u011fi. Rakipleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Tesla bu konuda zirveyi temsil etse de g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn geli\u015fen \u015farj ve depolama teknolojisi zirve yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer markalar\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyor. Devam eden bu iki temel soruna ra\u011fmen Frost& Sullivan\u2019s ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015firketinin 2018\u2019de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cGlobal Electric Vehicle Market Outlook 2018\u201d adl\u0131 raporunda, elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 2017 de 1.2 milyon iken 2018\u2019in ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde 1.6 milyona y\u00fckseldi\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Artan sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131nda geli\u015fen teknolojinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkelerin uygulamaya koydu\u011fu te\u015fvik mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi yads\u0131namaz. Ayn\u0131 rapor i\u00e7erisinde sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya genelinde sat\u0131\u015fa sunulmu\u015f 168\u2019den fazla model ile 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde 2 milyona yakla\u015fmas\u0131 yine \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor [14].<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Porsche, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00fcretti\u011fi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elektrikli ara\u00e7 olmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefledi\u011fini, Mission E serisi ile piyasan\u0131n lideri Tesla ile rekabetten \u00e7ok elektrikli ara\u00e7 ve temiz enerji teknolojisine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edindi\u011fini belirtti. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda \u2018Porsche \u015earj Servislerini\u2019 de Kuzey Avrupa da hizmete sokan firma en yak\u0131n \u015farj istasyonunu ve istasyonun uygunluk durumunu da g\u00f6steren bir mobil uygulamay\u0131 kullan\u0131c\u0131lara sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Di\u011fer bir l\u00fcks ara\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi olan Jaguar Land Rover b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretimini 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar tamamen elektrikli ve hibrit ara\u00e7lardan olu\u015fan bir yelpaze ile yenileyece\u011fini duyurdu. Daha ekonomik ara\u00e7lar \u00fcreten General Motors, Toyota, Renault Nissan& Mitsubishi gibi firmalar da \u015fimdiden \u00fcr\u00fcn kataloglar\u0131na 10\u2019dan fazla elektrikli ara\u00e7 koydular ve 2022\u2019ye kadar firmalar 1 milyonun \u00fczerinde sat\u0131\u015f hedefliyorlar.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2 \u2013 2018-Q1 Elektrikli Ara\u00e7 Sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131-D\u00fcnya Geneli [24]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>b.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Uygulanan Te\u015fvikler ve \u00dclkelerin Piyasalar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Piyasaya \u00fclke bazl\u0131 bakacak olursak, ABD markas\u0131 olan Tesla\u2019n\u0131n firma baz\u0131nda bask\u0131n tutumuna ra\u011fmen \u00c7in elektrikli ara\u00e7 piyasas\u0131nda %50\u2019lik pazar pay\u0131 ile en b\u00fcy\u00fck hissedar \u00fclkedir. Bu durumun en \u00f6nemli nedeni \u00c7in\u2019in sadece \u00fcretimde ciddi pay sahibi olmas\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7evreci ve pro-elektrikli ara\u00e7 politikalar\u0131yla desteklemesidir [15].\u00a0 Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131yla destekleyen tek \u00fclke \u00c7in de\u011fildir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi ve \u00e7evreci teknolojileri desteklemek ad\u0131na uygulamaya koyduklar\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri inceleyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkeleri hali haz\u0131rda \u00e7evreci y\u00f6nelimleri ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik temelli politikalar\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerine \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedirler. Volkswagen grubu, Fiat grubu, BMW ve Daimler AG (Mercedes) gibi d\u00fcnya otomotiv devlerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapan b\u00f6lgede ne yaz\u0131k ki elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 istenilen say\u0131lara 2013 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildi. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar aralar\u0131nda Bel\u00e7ika, Almanya, Finlandiya ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir grup Avrupa \u00fclkesi elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek ad\u0131na elektrikli ara\u00e7 al\u0131mlar\u0131nda kredi ve vergi indirimleri getirdiler. Ancak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlar ve te\u015fvikler istenilen etkiyi yaratmad\u0131. Bu durumun temel sebeplerinden biri hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz yeterli oranda \u015farj istasyonunun bulunmamas\u0131yd\u0131 [16]. Toplumdaki elektrikli ara\u00e7la yolda kal\u0131rsam korkusunu y\u0131kmak ad\u0131na Fransa ve Arnavutluk \u00f6ncelikli olarak polis te\u015fkilat\u0131na ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet ara\u00e7lar\u0131 filolar\u0131na ek olarak elektrikli toplu ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7arak toplum \u00f6n yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hedef ald\u0131lar [17] [18]. Ba\u015fka bir Avrupa \u00fclkesi olan Finlandiya teknolojik geli\u015fimin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan teknoloji enstit\u00fcl\u00fclerine yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131 ve sadece t\u00fcketicinin de\u011fil yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131nda bu alanda Finlandiya\u2019ya yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131. 2018 itibariyle Avrupa\u2019da elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in te\u015fvik \u00e7\u0131karmayan (ayn\u0131 zamanda en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck elektrikli ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131m oran\u0131na sahip) sadece be\u015f \u00fclke bulunmaktad\u0131r; H\u0131rvatistan, Malta, Estonya, Litvanya ve Macaristan.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3 \u2013 2017-2018 Y\u0131llar\u0131 \u0130lk \u00c7eyrekleri Aras\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Elektrikli Ara\u00e7 Sat\u0131\u015f Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 [25]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da ise \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in\u2019in haritaya dahil olmas\u0131 ile birlikte sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131nda ciddi bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. 2011-2017 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sadece \u00c7in i\u00e7 pazar\u0131nda 1.728.447 adet \u2018yeni enerji arac\u0131\u2019[1]<\/a>\u00a0sat\u0131ld\u0131. Sat\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine sadece \u00f6zel kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00fcretilen ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan ticari ara\u00e7lar ve otob\u00fcslerin de dahil olmas\u0131yla g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131n her noktas\u0131nda bu teknolojinin halkla bulu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u201810 \u00dclke 1000 Ara\u00e7 Program\u0131n\u0131\u2019 uygulamaya koydu. Temelde elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u00fcretiminde d\u00fcnya devi olmay\u0131 hedefleyen plan ayn\u0131 zamanda 2020\u2019ye kadar karbon emisyonunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek daha ya\u015fan\u0131labilir bir \u00e7evreye sahip olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor [19]. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede plan\u0131n kapsam\u0131 39 \u015fehre \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p end\u00fcstriyel yat\u0131r\u0131mlar bu alana do\u011fru \u00e7evrildi. Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en temel engel olan \u015farj istasyonu sorunu da bu kapsamda ele al\u0131narak 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan \u201cElektrikli Ara\u00e7lar \u015earj Altyap\u0131 Geli\u015fim Rehberi 2015-2020\u201d program\u0131 ile 12.000\u2019in \u00fczerinde \u015farj istasyonu ve 4.8 milyon \u015farj noktas\u0131 kurulumu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planland\u0131 [20]. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in \u015farj istasyonlar\u0131nda hedeflenen say\u0131n\u0131n bir hayli gerisinde kalarak 231.820 \u00f6zel, 213.903 halka a\u00e7\u0131k \u015farj istasyonuna sahiptir [21]. Plan\u0131n istenen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememesine ra\u011fmen \u00c7in\u2019de yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015flar b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na tekab\u00fcl ediyor.<\/p>\n

Amerika piyasas\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n tarihte petrol krizlerinden dolay\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunal\u0131mlar ve bu krizler sonucu petrole olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme \u00e7abas\u0131 ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve alternatif enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 desteklemesine neden olmu\u015ftur. 2008 krizinin hemen ertesinde 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konan \u2018Amerikan Toparlanmas\u0131 ve Yeniden Yat\u0131r\u0131m Yasas\u0131\u2019 ile Birle\u015fik Devletler h\u00fck\u00fcmeti elektrikli ara\u00e7lar sanayisinin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in 2.4 milyon dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131 [22]. 2012-2017 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda elektrikli ara\u00e7lar kayda de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015f olsa da 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle hala Amerika\u2019da ara\u00e7 piyasas\u0131n\u0131n %1\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyorlar [23] [15].<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu bilgiler do\u011frultusunda s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in teknolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de te\u015fvikler devam ediyor. D\u00fcnya h\u0131zla t\u00fcm yollarda elektrikli ara\u00e7lar olmas\u0131 yolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bunun i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131lar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak ve artan elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek ad\u0131na al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni nesil enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rn: biyok\u00fctle) daha etkin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u015eimdilik her ne kadar elektrikli ara\u00e7 sahibi olman\u0131n dezavantajlar\u0131 var gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda bu dezavantajlar da ortadan kalkacak ve mevcut i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motor kullanan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yerini alacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.\u00a0 Enerjisa Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015eirketleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Murat P\u0131nar\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zetledi\u011fi gibi \u201celektrikli ve fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar aras\u0131ndaki rekabet sava\u015flar\u0131 bitiren bir sava\u015f olacak\u201d [12].<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u015eenlik, \u0130. (2015). Uyuyan Devrim: Elektirikli Ara\u00e7lar. Elektrik M\u00fchendisli\u011fi, 64-67.<\/li>\n
  2. Kerem, A. (2014). Elektrikli Ara\u00e7 Teknolojisinin Geli\u015fimi ve Gelecek Beklentileri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi, 1-13.<\/li>\n
  3. Erta\u00e7, Y. (2007). Elektrikli Ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n Tasar\u0131m ve Sim\u00fclasyonu. Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye.<\/li>\n
  4. Leitman , S., & Brant, B. (2008). Build Your Own Electric Vehicle. The McGraw-Hill Companies.<\/li>\n
  5. Yaz\u0131c\u0131, V., & \u00d6zdemir, E. (2013). Elektrikli Ara\u00e7 \u015earj Y\u00f6ntemleri. Enerji Verimlili\u011fi ve Kalitesi Sempozyumu, (pp. 288-292). Kocaeli.<\/li>\n
  6. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:\/\/newmotion.com: https:\/\/newmotion.com\/en\/drive-electric\/v2g-charging-next-generation-technology<\/li>\n
  7. Douris, C. (2017). Electric Vehicle-To-Grid Services Can Feed, Stabilize Power Supply. Forbes.<\/li>\n
  8. Clarke, S. (2017, Aral\u0131k 21). How green are electric cars? The Guardian, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/football\/ng-interactive\/2017\/dec\/25\/how-green-are-electric-cars. Retrieved from the .<\/li>\n
  9. Hilke , F., & Dave , K. (2017, A\u011fustos 4). Retrieved from www.dw.com:\u00a0https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/how-eco-friendly-are-electric-cars\/a-19441437<\/a><\/li>\n
  10. Petit, Y. L. (2017, Ekim 27). Transport Environment. Retrieved from www.transportenvironment.org:\u00a0https:\/\/www.transportenvironment.org\/news\/electric-cars-have-significantly-lower-climate-impact-diesels-over-their-lifetime-%E2%80%93-study<\/li>\n
  11. Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. (2017, May\u0131s 04). Retrieved from enerjienstitusu.org: https:\/\/enerjienstitusu.org\/2017\/05\/04\/tesladan-turkiye-icin-yakinda-10-yeni-supercharger-istasyonu\/<\/li>\n
  12. Kara, M. (2017). Elektrikli Otomobil \u015eebekeleri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek. D\u00fcnya, 18.<\/li>\n
  13. Vandervell, A. (2017, Eyl\u00fcl 26). Wired. Retrieved from www.wired.co.uk:\u00a0https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/what-is-solid-state-battery-toyota-dyson<\/a><\/li>\n
  14. Frost&Sullivan. (2018). Global Electric Vehicle Market Outlook, 2018. Frost&Sullivan.<\/li>\n
  15. Hertzke , P., M\u00fcller, N., & Schenk, S. (2017, Temmuz). Retrieved from www.mckinsey.com: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/automotive-and-assembly\/our-insights\/dynamics-in-the-global-electric-vehicle-market<\/li>\n
  16. European Environment Agency. (2016). Electric Vehicles in Europe. Luxembourg: Luxembourg Publication Office of the European Union.<\/li>\n
  17. Balkan Green Energy News. (2017). Tirana Tests Electri Buses Following Introduction of Electric Taxis. Balkan Green Energy News, https:\/\/balkangreenenergynews.com\/tirana-tests-electric-buses-following-introduction-electric-taxis\/.<\/li>\n
  18. Roy, J. V. (2018). Paris\u2019 Police Goes Electric. news,\u00a0https:\/\/newmobility.news\/2018\/02\/23\/paris-police-goes-electric\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  19. World Bank. (2011). The China New Energy; Challenges and Opportunities. World Bank.<\/li>\n
  20. An, F. (2016, Ekim 21). China\u2019s NEV Policies and Market Development. Michigan, ABD.<\/li>\n
  21. Fusheng, L. (2018). China has the most public EV charging stations worldwide. ChinaDaily,http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201801\/11\/WS5a5759d9a3102c394518e9e1.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n
  22. S. Department of Energy. (2009, \u015eubat 17). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from www.afdc.energy.gov:\u00a0https:\/\/www.afdc.energy.gov\/laws\/arra.html<\/a><\/li>\n
  23. International Economic Development Council. (2013). Creating the Clean Energy Economy: Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Industry. Washington: International Economic Development Council.<\/li>\n
  24. statista. (2018). Retrieved from www.statista.com: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/666130\/global-sales-of-electric-vehicles-ytd-by-brand\/<\/li>\n
  25. ev-volumes. (2018). Retrieved from www.ev-volumes.com: http:\/\/www.ev-volumes.com\/country\/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti uygulamaya koydu\u011fu te\u015fviklerde elektrikli ara\u00e7 yerine \u2018New Energy Vehicle\u2019 yani \u2018Yeni Enerji Arac\u0131\u2019 ibaresini kullanmay\u0131 tercih etti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.Elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n uzun zamand\u0131r hayat\u0131m\u0131zda oldu\u011fu bir ger\u00e7ek ancak son iki y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde elektrikli ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda ve \u00fcretiminde inan\u0131lmaz art\u0131\u015flar s\u00f6z konusu oldu. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":77954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53,157],"tags":[34979,19638,26353,1311,1270,67,1009],"views":2359,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77953"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77953"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77953\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77955,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77953\/revisions\/77955"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77953"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77953"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}