{"id":76933,"date":"2018-07-31T11:00:59","date_gmt":"2018-07-31T08:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=76933"},"modified":"2018-07-31T11:00:59","modified_gmt":"2018-07-31T08:00:59","slug":"dunya-enerji-yatirimlari-2018-gorunumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/dunya-enerji-yatirimlari-2018-gorunumu\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) D\u00fcnya Enerji Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 2018 G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

Art arda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fcresel enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 azald\u0131, 2017\u2019de 1,8 Trilyon ABD dolar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc-reel olarak %2 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/strong>\u00a0PV g\u00fcne\u015ften daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 artt\u0131ran k\u00f6m\u00fcr, hidro ve n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 kapasitesinin daha az olmas\u0131 sebebiyle, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011funu enerji \u00fcretimi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olu\u015fturdu. Enerji verimlili\u011fi ve upstream petrol ve do\u011fal gaz dahil olmak \u00fczere 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde yat\u0131r\u0131m artt\u0131. Yine de, fosil yak\u0131t tedari\u011findeki sermaye harcamas\u0131, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinde kald\u0131. Elektrik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin devam eden elektriklenmesini yans\u0131tan ve \u015febekelerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131m ve \"\"yenilenebilir g\u00fc\u00e7 ile desteklenen, k\u00fcresel enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck al\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015fen maliyetler, enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131m e\u011filimlerini, fiyatlar\u0131 ve akaryak\u0131t rekabetini etkilemeye devam ediyor.<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda toplam enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %8\u2019ini temsil eden PV g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi projeleri i\u00e7in birim maliyetler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck mod\u00fcl fiyatlar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli b\u00f6lgelere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mdaki de\u011fi\u015fim sayesinde ortalama olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k %15 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yat\u0131r\u0131m yine de rekor seviyeye y\u00fckseldi. Teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sundu\u011fu planlar, baz\u0131 piyasalarda yeni projelerin \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor: \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki geli\u015fen ekonomilerde, \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilen PV g\u00fcne\u015f projelerinin ortalama b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar be\u015f y\u0131lda 4,5 kat artarken, karada r\u00fczgar\u0131n pay\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya y\u00fckseldi. Petrol ve gaz sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki proje ekonomisi karma\u015f\u0131k olmakla birlikte, konvansiyonel petrol ve gaz geli\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in maliyetler, operat\u00f6rlerin maliyet disiplini ve hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki kapasite fazlas\u0131 sayesinde 2016 ortalar\u0131ndan bu yana y\u00fcksek petrol fiyatlar\u0131 e\u011filimini takip etti. Bununla birlikte, ABD kaya gaz\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, kapasite art\u0131\u015f\u0131, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda maliyetlerde neredeyse %10\u2019luk bir art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve 2018\u2019de de benzer bir art\u0131\u015f bekleniyor. Yeni dijital teknolojiler, upstream petrol ve do\u011fal gaz dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki maliyetleri giderek kontrol alt\u0131nda tutuyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in, k\u00fcresel toplam\u0131n be\u015fte birini ele ge\u00e7irerek enerji envanterinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefi olmaya devam etti.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00c7in\u2019in enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 giderek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu elektrik tedariki, a\u011flar\u0131 ve enerji verimlili\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendiriliyor. Yeni k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan santrallere yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %55 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. ABD, petrol ve do\u011fal gaz sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki harcamalarda, gazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tesislerde ve elektrik \u015febekelerinde yap\u0131lan keskin bir geri tepme sayesinde, ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclke konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcresel enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki pay\u0131, %15 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve enerji verimlili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik harcamalarda art\u0131\u015f ve termal \u00fcretimdeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerle yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda m\u00fctevazi bir art\u0131\u015f oldu. Hindistan\u2019da yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk kez, fosil yak\u0131t bazl\u0131 enerji \u00fcretiminde zirveye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

ENERJ\u0130 YATIRIMINI DAHA GEN\u0130\u015e B\u0130R \u00c7ER\u00c7EVEYE OTURTMAK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Envanterlerin daha temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6neliminde bir duraklama oldu.<\/strong>\u00a0Enerji arz\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda, termik enerji \u00fcretimi de dahil olmak \u00fczere, fosil yak\u0131tlardaki petrol ve do\u011falgazdaki harcamalar\u0131n bir miktar artmas\u0131 ile %59\u2019a y\u00fckseldi. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IEA) S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Senaryosu (SDS), 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar enerji arz yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n %40 oran\u0131nda azalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde temiz enerji tedarik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131. \u00dcretim yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131 (yenilenebilir ve n\u00fckleer) 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %70\u2019in \u00fczerinde. Bu oran on y\u0131l kadar \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re %50\u2019den az olmakla birlikte k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Elektrik \u015febekeleri ve ak\u00fc depolama alanlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan harcamalar, daha y\u00fcksek oranda PV g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar \u00fcretiminin entegrasyonu i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan daha esnek g\u00fc\u00e7 sistemine de katk\u0131da bulunuyor. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma Senaryosu ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc temiz g\u00fcc\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra a\u011flarda da yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u0131s\u0131nma elektrifikasyonuna yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcstel art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermeye devam etmi\u015f, ancak ula\u015f\u0131m ve \u0131s\u0131nmada yenilenebilir enerjinin do\u011frudan kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar zay\u0131f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00fcketicilerin 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda elektrikli yolcu ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (hibritli ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bataryal\u0131 elektrikli ara\u00e7lar) i\u00e7in harcad\u0131klar\u0131 43 milyar dolarl\u0131k elektrikli arac\u0131n (EV) pazar pay\u0131n\u0131 her y\u00fcz ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda art\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak, bu EV sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n petrol talebi \u00fczerindeki kal\u0131c\u0131 etkisi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kalmaktad\u0131r. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda online olarak biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretim kapasitesinin etkisi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olacakt\u0131r. Is\u0131tma, havaland\u0131rma ve iklimlendirme alan\u0131nda enerji verimlili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik k\u00fcresel harcamalar, \u00e7ift haneli b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye, \u00f6zellikle de \u0131s\u0131 pompalar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n %30 kadar artmas\u0131na neden oldu. EV\u2019ler gibi, \u0131s\u0131 pompalar\u0131 geleneksel alternatiflerinden daha verimlidir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu enerjinin daha y\u00fcksek enerji talebi paylar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz etmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir, ancak toplam \u0131s\u0131tma ekipman\u0131 sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sadece %2,5\u2019ini olu\u015fturur. Pazar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu fosil yak\u0131t yakma teknolojilerine adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f termik \u0131s\u0131tma tesislerindeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, 18 milyar ABD dolar de\u011ferinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Bu e\u011filimler, sermayenin petrol ve do\u011falgaz tedarik projelerine tahsisi \u00fczerinde belirgin bir etki yaratmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ENERJ\u0130 N\u0130HA\u0130 KULLANIMI ve VER\u0130ML\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji verimlili\u011fi ile ilgili harcamalar, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda enerji t\u00fcketimindeki genel e\u011filimden g\u00f6receli olarak muaf kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong>\u00a02017 y\u0131l\u0131nda binalara, ula\u015f\u0131m ve sanayi genelinde enerji verimlili\u011fine toplam 236 milyar UDS yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, son y\u0131llarda enerji verimlili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi g\u00fc\u00e7lenirken, enerji verimlili\u011fi politikas\u0131 uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu iyile\u015ftirmelerinin yava\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zemine kar\u015f\u0131 %3\u2019e geriledi. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f, farkl\u0131 bina tiplerinde kullan\u0131labilecek projelerin standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla binalarda \u0131s\u0131tma, so\u011futma ve ayd\u0131nlatma verimlili\u011fi harcamalar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131. Toplam in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc faaliyetlerindeki art\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, bina sekt\u00f6r\u00fc enerji verimlili\u011fi harcamalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda %3 artt\u0131. Sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde enerji verimlili\u011fine y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, k\u0131smen \u00c7in\u2019de in\u015fa edilen yeni tesislerdeki yava\u015flama nedeniyle, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %8 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. \u00c7elik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde bu yava\u015flama dramatik oldu ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr bazl\u0131 \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde yat\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00e7\u00f6kerken, yeni kapasitenin ortalama enerji yo\u011funlu\u011fu %10 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00f6ncelikle enerji verimlili\u011fi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen ye\u015fil tahviller, yenilenebilir enerji ve di\u011fer enerji kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk kez ihra\u00e7 edilenlerin de\u011ferini a\u015ft\u0131.<\/strong>\u00d6ncelikle enerji verimlili\u011fi i\u00e7in verilen ye\u015fil tahvillerin de\u011feri yakla\u015f\u0131k 47 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131\u2019na y\u00fckseldi. Enerji hizmeti \u015firketleri, 27 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda k\u00fcresel pazar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile enerji tasarrufu sigortas\u0131n\u0131n uyarlanmas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, tekrarlanabilir enerji verimlili\u011fi projelerinin maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in finansman modellerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde, politika belirleyicileri enerji \u015firketlerine, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetle enerji verimlili\u011fi projelerini pazarlar yoluyla, geleneklere dayal\u0131 enerji tasarrufu (Sertifikal\u0131) almak i\u00e7in te\u015fvik etmi\u015flerdir. Genel olarak, enerji verimlili\u011fine yat\u0131r\u0131m, h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. Standartlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek harcamalar\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi i\u00e7in olanak vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ELEKTR\u0130K ve YEN\u0130LENEB\u0130L\u0130RLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc sermayesi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, elektrik talebi ve yat\u0131r\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki de geli\u015fmeye devam ediyor.\u00a0<\/strong>Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131lda, k\u00fcresel enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n talep art\u0131\u015f\u0131na oran\u0131, yenilenebilirleri te\u015fvik edecek politikalarla ortalama iki kattan fazla artt\u0131. Geni\u015fleyen a\u011flar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctme \u00e7abalar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda da daha fazla enerji verimlili\u011fi nedeniyle talep art\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. Yo\u011fun termal \u00fcretimindeki daha az sermaye pay\u0131 ise genellikle zaman i\u00e7inde azald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar, yenilenebilir enerjiye yat\u0131r\u0131m, %7 azalm\u0131\u015f olsa da, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 milyar dolar ile, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda enerji \u00fcretimi harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisini olu\u015fturdu.<\/strong>\u00a0Yat\u0131r\u0131m, \u00c7in\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k %45 olan rekor harcamalar ve PV g\u00fcne\u015f taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi. A\u00e7\u0131k deniz r\u00fczgar\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da \u00e7o\u011funlukla Avrupa\u2019da olmak \u00fczere yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 gigawatt\u2019\u0131n devreye girmesiyle rekor seviyelere ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, ABD, \u00c7in, Avrupa ve Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n karadaki r\u00fczgar yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, yakla\u015f\u0131k % 15 kadar, d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ancak bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7te biri d\u00fc\u015fen yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetlerinden kaynakland\u0131. Hidroelektrik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00c7in, Brezilya ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019da yava\u015flama ile en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesine geriledi.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu enerji \u00fcretimini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesine gerileyen yenilenebilir enerjiye yap\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131m, yeni n\u00fckleer enerjiye yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlardaki keskin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda daha fazla \u00f6nem arz ediyor.\u00a0<\/strong>Yeni n\u00fckleer santraller i\u00e7in in\u015faatlar\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ise mevcut tesislerin geri \u00e7ekilmeleri, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin etkisini azaltmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektrik \u015febekesinde k\u00fcresel harcama, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %1\u2019lik oranla daha yava\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek, 300 milyar USB\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi.\u00a0<\/strong>Harcamalar y\u00fcksek seviyelere ula\u015ft\u0131 ve on y\u0131ldaki en y\u00fcksek seviye ile \u015febeke sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yat\u0131r\u0131m pay\u0131 %40\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. ABD, \u00c7in\u2019den sonra \u015febeke yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar olmaya devam etti. Enerji sistemlerinin esnekli\u011fini art\u0131rmak ve de\u011fi\u015fken yenilenebilir kaynaklar\u0131n ve yeni talep kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n entegrasyonunu desteklemek i\u00e7in tasarlanan teknolojilerde yat\u0131r\u0131mlar artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

FOS\u0130L YAKIT TEDAR\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fosil yak\u0131t tedari\u011fine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar;<\/strong>\u00a0k\u00f6m\u00fcr arz\u0131nda ve s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011falgazda (LNG) azalan harcamalar, upstream petrol ve do\u011fal gazda makul bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131 telafi etti\u011fi i\u00e7in 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda 790 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 civar\u0131nda sabit kald\u0131.\u00a0<\/strong>Upstream yat\u0131r\u0131m 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %4 artarak 450 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na y\u00fckseldi ve %20 oran\u0131nda artaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen ABD kaya gaz\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan desteklenerek 2018\u2019de %5 art\u0131\u015fla 472 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131 (nominal olarak) olarak belirlendi. Al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015f petrol ve do\u011falgaz sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar azalmaya devam ediyor ve ye\u015fil alan projelerinin toplam upstream yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n 2018\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te bire, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesine, d\u00fc\u015fmesi bekleniyor. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana termal k\u00f6m\u00fcr fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, k\u00f6m\u00fcr tedarik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %13\u2019e, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00c7in\u2019deki harcamalar\u0131n azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle 80 milyar dolar\u0131n biraz alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, hava kirlili\u011fi ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n artan rekabetini ele almak i\u00e7in sert politika eylemleri tehdidi, k\u00f6m\u00fcr yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 cayd\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. LNG s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma tesislerine yat\u0131r\u0131m azalmaya devam ediyor ve 2016 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan bu yana sadece \u00fc\u00e7 yeni LNG projesinin onaylanmas\u0131 nedeniyle 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 milyar dolar seviyesine d\u00fc\u015fmesi bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

Downstream sekt\u00f6r ve petrokimyasallar geni\u015flerken, petrol ve gaz end\u00fcstrisi k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli projelere ve h\u0131zla azalan \u00fcretimlere do\u011fru kay\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/strong>Upstream yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc homojen olmamakla birlikte, \u00e7o\u011fu \u015firket maliyet kontrol\u00fcne, mali disipline ve hissedarlara geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flere \u00f6ncelik vermeye devam ediyor. Uzun vadeli risklere maruz kalmamak i\u00e7in kaya gaz\u0131 ve terkedilmi\u015f end\u00fcstri alanlar\u0131 gibi daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geri \u00f6deme sa\u011flayan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck projelerde faaliyetlerini geni\u015fletiyorlar. Kaya gaz\u0131na yap\u0131lan k\u00fcresel yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam upstream y\u00f6nl\u00fc harcamalar\u0131n neredeyse d\u00f6rtte birine ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, petrol ve gaz \u015firketleri, upstream sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yor. Petrol rafinasyonuna yap\u0131lan k\u00fcresel yat\u0131r\u0131m 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %10 artt\u0131. Petrokimya yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %11 artarak 17 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda ilk kez ABD, petrokimyasallara en fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan \u00fclke oldu.<\/p>\n

Daha y\u00fcksek fiyatlar ve operasyonel iyile\u015ftirmeler, ABD kaya gaz\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda pozitif serbest nakit ak\u0131m\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere.\u00a0<\/strong>Permian Havzas\u0131nda enflasyon do\u011furucu bask\u0131lar ve boru hatt\u0131 t\u0131kan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn mali sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik riskler devam ediyor. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana sekt\u00f6r, kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha fazla harcad\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 milyar dolarl\u0131k k\u00fcm\u00fclatif negatif serbest nakit ak\u0131m\u0131 yaratt\u0131. Bu durum b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u0131\u015f finansman kayna\u011f\u0131na dayanmaya zorlad\u0131. \u00c7ok \u00e7alkant\u0131l\u0131 bir 2015-16 d\u00f6neminin ard\u0131ndan, y\u00fcksek fiyatlar ve yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in daha tedbirli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sekt\u00f6r dev teknolojik ve operasyonel ilerlemelerden yararlan\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ra\u011fmen, ABD kaya gaz\u0131 \u015firketlerinin kazanc\u0131 y\u00fcksek kal\u0131yor. Ancak, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 idame ettirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6denen ortalama faiz oran\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k %6), sermaye piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn mali sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki iyile\u015fmeyi \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmesiyle geni\u015f \u00e7apta istikrarl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmesi, petrol ve gaz end\u00fcstrisinin faaliyetlerini finanse etme \u015feklini temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi.\u00a0<\/strong>Daha y\u00fcksek petrol fiyatlar\u0131, mali disiplinin devam etmesi ve maliyetlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sayesinde sanayi genellikle daha sa\u011flam bir mali zeminde. 2018\u2019in ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, petrol devleri 2012 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neminden bu yana en y\u00fcksek serbest nakit ak\u0131m\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 2014-17\u2019ye damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran kazan\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz sekt\u00f6rlerindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck 20 kurumsal sermayedar hissedar\u0131, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %24\u2019ten 2017\u2019de %27\u2019ye y\u00fckselen hisselerini art\u0131rmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

F\u0130NANSE ETME VE FON BULMANIN ANAHTAR E\u011e\u0130L\u0130MLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eirketler, enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in birincil finans\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaya devam ederken, baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde finansman se\u00e7eneklerinin \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesine y\u00f6nelik i\u015faretler var.\u00a0<\/strong>Daha y\u00fcksek petrol fiyatlar\u0131 ve daha iyi maliyet kontrol\u00fc ile, petrol ve gaz \u015firketlerinin mali sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fti; bu da, daha iyi kendi kendini finans eden projeleri ve ABD kaya gaz\u0131 \u015firketlerinin daha ucuz bor\u00e7larla fon sa\u011flamalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flad\u0131. Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yenilenebilir teknolojilerin alg\u0131lanan olgunlu\u011fu, g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi ve yenilenebilir projelerin daha iyi risk y\u00f6netimi, Asya, Latin Amerika ve Afrika\u2019da y\u00fckselen proje finansman\u0131 ile birlikte bilan\u00e7o d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n ABD ve Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geni\u015flemesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r liderli\u011findeki enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 son be\u015f y\u0131lda azald\u0131.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn enerji verimlili\u011fine ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m pay\u0131 artt\u0131. Ancak, devlete ait i\u015fletmelerden (SOE) enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 d\u00f6nem boyunca da fazla artt\u0131. Fosil yak\u0131t tedari\u011fi ve termal g\u00fc\u00e7 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 giderek devlete ait i\u015fletmelerin hakimiyeti alt\u0131na girdi. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda, devlete ait i\u015fletmelerin termal \u00fcretim yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 %55\u2019e y\u00fckselirken, ulusal petrol \u015firketlerinin toplam petrol ve do\u011fal gaz yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 rekor seviyelerde kald\u0131. Yeni n\u00fckleer santraller durumunda ise, t\u00fcm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar devlete ait i\u015fletmeler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerdeki yat\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131ndan giderek daha fazla etkileniyor.\u00a0<\/strong>Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, k\u00fcresel yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n %95\u2019inden fazlas\u0131, gelirleri rekabet\u00e7i toptan pazarlardaki de\u011fi\u015fken fiyatlara ili\u015fkin riski y\u00f6netme mekanizmalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamen d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f veya etkilenmi\u015f \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Baz\u0131 geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomilerdeki d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f tarifeler, g\u00fc\u00e7 sisteminin finansal olarak uygulanabilirli\u011fi ve destek yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in hala \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck. Yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ve d\u00fczenlemeye tabi maddelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olmakla birlikte, \u015febeke \u00f6l\u00e7ekli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n %35\u2019inden fazlas\u0131, fiyatlar\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma gibi rekabet\u00e7i mekanizmalarla desteklenmektedir. \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu pay %50\u2019ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

YEN\u0130L\u0130KLER VE YEN\u0130 TEKNOLOJ\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet enerji ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme (Ar-Ge) harcamalar\u0131 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k %8 artarak 27 milyar ABD dolar\u0131 seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00fcy\u00fcmenin \u00e7o\u011fu, %13\u2019l\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015fa sahip oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu teknolojilere yap\u0131lan harcamalardan kaynaklan\u0131yordu; bu da birka\u00e7 y\u0131l durgunluktan sonra ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu enerji teknolojileri, kamu enerji Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler ortalama olarak, toplam kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %0,1\u2019ini, son y\u0131llarda istikrarl\u0131 olan bir seviye olan enerji Ar-Ge\u2019ye ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. UEA, kurumsal enerji Ar-Ge yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda %3 b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek 88 milyar ABD dolar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu sekt\u00f6rlerde ise daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaydetti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin en \u00f6nemli nedeni, \u00f6zellikle elektrikli ara\u00e7larda (EV) ve yeni hareketlilik bi\u00e7imlerinde yo\u011fun bir teknolojik rekabetin y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyadaki iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in karbon yakalama, kullan\u0131m ve depolama (CCUS) yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mlara ihtiya\u00e7 var.\u00a0<\/strong>Ticari ko\u015fullar ve d\u00fczenlemeler nedeniyle mevcut kamu fonlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlar da \u00e7ekilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 2007\u2019den bu yana b\u00fcy\u00fck CCUS projeleri i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan 28 milyar ABD Dolar\u0131n\u0131n sadece %15\u2019i harcand\u0131. Ancak, revize ABD vergi kredisinde belirlenen karbondioksit (CO2<\/sub>) depolama i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc te\u015fviklerle kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir.<\/p>\n

Elektrikli piller, enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne giderek daha fazla yay\u0131l\u0131yor, ancak bunlar\u0131n etkileri enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenecek olan maliyet e\u011filimlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olacak.\u00a0<\/strong>Lityum madencili\u011fine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m 2012\u2019den bu yana neredeyse on kat artt\u0131, batarya \u00fcretim kapasitesine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m ise be\u015f kattan fazla artt\u0131. Darbo\u011fazlar ve tedarik riskleri, sadece elektrikli ara\u00e7 (EV) fabrikalar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere de\u011fer zinciri boyunca yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n uyumlu hale getirilmesi durumunda \u00f6nlenecek. Buna yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, pazar\u0131n takip etmesi i\u00e7in net politikalar belirleyebilir. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda temiz enerji uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hidrojen yapmak \u00fczere elektroliz\u00f6rler in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in rekor say\u0131da yat\u0131r\u0131m karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, sabit depolama ve karayolu ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in elektrikli bataryalar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kal\u0131rken, hidrojen projelerine olan ilgi art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

BULGULAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toplam enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan artarak desteklenmeye devam ediyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, daha fazla sermaye te\u015fvikine do\u011fru kay\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan pazarlarda, ihaleler daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilenebilir projeleri destekliyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cUluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 D\u00fcnya Enerji Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131\u201d, 2018<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.Art arda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fcresel enerji yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 azald\u0131, 2017\u2019de 1,8 Trilyon ABD dolar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc-reel olarak %2 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.\u00a0PV g\u00fcne\u015ften daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":76934,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[46,51,53,52,49,47,24649,43,44],"tags":[38598,67,1009,38599],"views":877,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76933"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76933"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76933\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":76935,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76933\/revisions\/76935"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=76933"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=76933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}