{"id":54855,"date":"2016-07-01T13:38:50","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T10:38:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=54855"},"modified":"2016-07-01T13:38:50","modified_gmt":"2016-07-01T10:38:50","slug":"yorum-cernobil-nukleer-santrali-kazasinin-30-yilindaki-son-durum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/yorum-cernobil-nukleer-santrali-kazasinin-30-yilindaki-son-durum\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Yorum: \u00c7ernobil N\u00fckleer Santrali Kazas\u0131n\u0131n 30. Y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Son Durum"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Bildi\u011fimiz gibi, 26 Nisan 1986 g\u00fcn\u00fc Ukrayna \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki 4 No.lu reakt\u00f6rde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaza oldu. Kazadan sonraki 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda radyoaktif madde atmosferde hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131yla kuzey yar\u0131m k\u00fcreye da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Radyoaktif maddeler \u00f6zellikle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerine ve bu arada T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye de ula\u015ft\u0131. O g\u00fcnlerdeki ya\u011f\u0131\u015f durumuna g\u00f6re bu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgeleri radyoaktif maddelerden az ya da \u00e7ok fazla etkilenmeler meydana geldi.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"cns1\"\u015eekilde, kazadan hemen sonra radyoaktif maddelerle y\u00fckl\u00fc bulutlar\u0131n hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131yla Finlandiya\u2019ya do\u011fru ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"cns2\"\u015eekilde, \u00c7ernobil kaynakl\u0131 topraktaki radyoaktif bula\u015fman\u0131n 1200 km yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"cns3\"\u015eekilde, \u00c7ernobil reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kazadan sonraki durumu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"cns4\"\u00c7ernobil\u2019den yay\u0131lan radyoaktif\u00a0 sezyum ile Avrupa \u00fclkeleri topraklar\u0131ndaki bula\u015fma art\u0131m\u0131 ( % fazlal\u0131k\u00a0 olarak, 1998)<\/strong><\/p>\n

26 Nisan 1986\u2019daki \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131ndan bug\u00fcne kadar ge\u00e7en zaman i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, UAEA[1],\u00a0 UNSCEAR[2], TAEK[3]<\/strong>\u00a0kurumlar\u0131nda, \u00fcniversitelerde ve bir \u00e7ok bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezlerinde say\u0131s\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yay\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131, yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil karay\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 (felaketi) \u00f6zellikle Ukrayna, Beyaz Rusya ve Rusya halklar\u0131nda onar\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 radyolojik, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve sosyoekonomik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck miktardaki radyoaktif maddelerin etkiledi\u011fi di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ise \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131, elektri\u011fin, n\u00fckleer santrallar yoluyla \u00fcretimindeki riski ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak bu konuda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada tart\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flatt\u0131.Bir \u00e7ok \u00fclke n\u00fckleer enerji program\u0131n\u0131 yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi ve de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapt\u0131. Olabilecek benzer kazalara kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemleri belirledi, yeni ivedi savunma programlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131, yasa ve y\u00f6netmelikleri de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki olas\u0131 kazalar sonucu \u00fclkemize ula\u015fabilecek radyoaktif maddeleri t\u00fcm illerde \u00a0\u00f6l\u00e7ebilen ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011ferlerini an\u0131nda Ankara merkeze (TAEK) aktaran bir Radyasyon Erken Uyar\u0131 Sistemini (RESA) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Kaza nas\u0131l oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil\u2019de, her biri 1000 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde, kaynar sulu ve grafit moderat\u00f6rl\u00fc (grafitin i\u015flevi n\u00f6tronlar\u0131 so\u011furarak reakt\u00f6r g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek) RBMK 1000 tipi 4 reakt\u00f6r bulunuyordu. 26 Nian 1986\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck kaza bunlardan 4 No.lu olan\u0131, reakt\u00f6r, y\u0131ll\u0131k normal bak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde durdurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken yap\u0131lan bir deneme s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015ftu. Kaza, i\u015fletme personelinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015ftan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f, reakt\u00f6re so\u011futma suyu basan ana pompalar durdurulurken, grafitli kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 da yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekilerek reakt\u00f6r kritik \u00fcst\u00fc duruma sokulmu\u015ftur. Kesinlikle uyulmas\u0131 gereken g\u00fcvenlik uyar\u0131lar\u0131 (sinyalleri) ekip taraf\u0131ndan etkisiz duruma sokulmu\u015f ve kaza ard\u0131 s\u0131ra iki patlamayla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, kontrolsuz haldeki zincirleme n\u00fckleer tepkimeler sonucu bir anda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak reakt\u00f6rdeki su buharla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve reakt\u00f6r silindiri tepesinden patlam\u0131\u015f ve binay\u0131 da \u00e7at\u0131dan delmi\u015ftir.Bu s\u0131rada reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bin kat artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplanmaktad\u0131r.Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn yak\u0131t elemanlar\u0131 ergimi\u015f, uranyum lava\u00a0 gibi santral\u0131n alt katlar\u0131na akarak taban ve duvarlardaki betonla kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok miktarda \u00e7e\u015fitli radyoaktif\u00a0 madde santral i\u00e7ine, \u00e7evreye ve havaya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O zamanki Sovyetler Birli\u011fi y\u00f6netimi \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki kazay\u0131 saklam\u0131\u015f ve kaza ancak 2 g\u00fcn sonra \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerindeki radyasyon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletlerinin y\u00fcksek de\u011ferler g\u00f6stermesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaza sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yak\u0131n \u00e7evredeki evler bo\u015falt\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve bu nedenle \u00c7ernobil \u00e7evresinde ya\u015fayanlar radyasyondan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle radyoaktif iyotun, \u00e7evrede ya\u015fayan \u00e7ocuklarda tiroit kanserine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2011\u201cdeki Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131nda ise, \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki yanl\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, \u00e7evre, kazan\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yak\u0131nlarda ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n etkilenmesi \u00f6nlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"cns5\"Resimde, kazadan sonraki durum g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0UAEA: Uluslararas\u0131 Atom Enerjisi Kurumu<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0UNSCEAR: Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin Atomik Radyasyonun Etkilerini \u0130nceleyen Bilimsel Alt Kurulu<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0 TAEK: T\u00fcrkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu,\u00a0www.taek.gov.tr<\/a>\u00a0 (Bkz. \u00c7ernobil Dosyas\u0131 1 ve 7)<\/p>\n

\"cns6\"3 May\u0131s 1986 g\u00fcn\u00fc, normal ortalama do\u011fal radyasyon dozlar\u0131n\u0131n katlar\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019da \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131 nedeniyle olu\u015fan dozlar (Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki art\u0131m do\u011fal radyasyon dozunun 0,024 ile 2,4 mSv kat\u0131 kadar)<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131n\u0131n benzeri, Bat\u0131\u2018daki reakt\u00f6rlerde olabilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131, Bat\u0131\u2018daki o zamanki teknikle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan n\u00fckleer santrallarda dahi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kamazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7ernobil tasar\u0131ml\u0131 bir NGS, daha proje d\u00f6neminde \u201ayap\u0131m i\u00e7in onay\u2018 alamadan geri \u00e7evrilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca,\u00a0 Bat\u0131 NGS\u2019lar\u0131ndaki otomatik sistemler, n\u00f6tron ak\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 so\u011furan ve reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn kritik \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 otomatikman kilitleyerek, personelin bunlar\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi kendili\u011finden engellenirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil Reakt\u00f6r ve \u00c7evresi 30 y\u0131l sonra bug\u00fcn ne durumda?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil\u2019de kaza ge\u00e7iren 4 No\u2018lu reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131 kazadan sonraki y\u0131llarda kal\u0131n beton duvarlarla \u00e7evrilerek kaps\u00fcllenmi\u015fti. Sarkofag (lahit) denilen bu yap\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131 aradan ge\u00e7en 30 y\u0131lda yava\u015f yava\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye y\u00fcz tuttu\u011fundan bunu t\u00fcm\u00fcyle i\u00e7ine alacak yar\u0131m silindir bi\u00e7imindeki \u00a0kal\u0131n \u00e7elik bir k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 bug\u00fcn s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. 2017\u2019de bitirilmesi planlanan bu yap\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti 2,1 milyar Avro\u2019yu ge\u00e7ecek (\u00d6nce hesaplanan\u0131n 3 kat\u0131). Bu paran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc G7 \u00fclkeleriyle Rusya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\"cns7\"\"cns8\"Resimde arkada beton duvarlarla kaps\u00fcllenmi\u015f eski yap\u0131 (sarkofag) ve bunu i\u00e7ine alacak yar\u0131m silindir bi\u00e7imindeki kal\u0131n \u00e7elik yap\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor (2017\u2019de bitirilmesi planlan\u0131yor)<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil reakt\u00f6r\u00fcnin 30 km yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 \u00e7evresi yasak b\u00f6lge olup buran\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131nda, yerine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 miktarlarda, en \u00e7ok bulunan radyoaktif madde sezyumun Cs 137 radyoizotopudur. 30,5 y\u0131l yar\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi olan Cs 137, aradan ge\u00e7en 30 y\u0131lda yar\u0131ya inmi\u015ftir. Bunun, zamanla gitgide azalarak, do\u011fal d\u00fczeye\u00a0 inebilmesi i\u00e7in daha 200 y\u0131l gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

\"cns9\"\u015eekil 1: \u00c7ernobil ve \u00e7evresinin\u00a0 topra\u011f\u0131ndaki sezyum 137\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m miktarlar\u0131kiloBecquerel\/m2<\/strong>\u00a0olarak g\u00f6steriliyor \/4\/\u00a0(Yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya): Beyaz Rusya, Rusya, Reakt\u00f6r harabesi, \u00c7ernobil, Ukrayna, Topraktaki Sezyum 137, 1480\u2019den \u00e7ok, 555-1480\u2026)<\/strong><\/p>\n

30 km yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 yasak b\u00f6lgeden 400.000 ki\u015fi uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cs 137, eskiyen lahitten bug\u00fcn de Cs 137 toz tanecikleri halinde \u00e7evredeki havaya s\u0131z\u0131yor. Sa\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesi de s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n

Reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131n\u0131n yeni k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131, 25.000 ton \u00e7elikten\u00a0 olacak ve 100 y\u0131l dayanacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2\u2018de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi devasa k\u0131l\u0131f, par\u00e7alar bitirilince raylar \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclerek, eski yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilecek. Yeni g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 (New Safe Confinement, NSC) denilen bu devasa yar\u0131m silindirin geni\u015fili\u011fi 260 m, uzunlu\u011fu 165 m ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fi de 110 m. Bunun silindirik tavan\u0131nda, bir \u00e7ok sanayi binalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi rayl\u0131 vin\u00e7ler bulunacak ve ileride yeni k\u0131l\u0131f yerine konulduktan ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131yla ili\u015fkisi hava ka\u00e7\u0131rmayacak \u015fekilde kesildikten sonra, eski binan\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmesine ve i\u00e7indekilerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ba\u015flanabilecek. Bu i\u015flerle ilgili yeni teknikler geli\u015ftirilecek.<\/p>\n

\"cns11\"\u015eekil 2: \u00c7ernobil lahitine, yeni \u00e7elik k\u0131l\u0131f \/4\/\u00a0(Yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya:Devasa Yap\u0131: \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki harabenin nas\u0131l mantolanaca\u011f\u0131, 1:\u00a0 \u015eimdiki betondan yap\u0131 (lahit) y\u0131llard\u0131r d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor, 2: \u015eimdiki lahit yak\u0131nda, yeni k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131n haz\u0131r par\u00e7alardan nas\u0131l birle\u015ftirilece\u011fi, 3: Yap\u0131m\u0131 bitirildikten sonra yar\u0131m silindir \u015feklindeki k\u0131l\u0131f raylar \u00fczerinde yerine yerle\u015ftirilecek, solda: kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, New York\u2019taki \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Heykeli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreye ve halka etkisi, al\u0131nan radyasyon dozlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil\u2019den yay\u0131lan radyoaktif maddelerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgelerde, bir yandan \u00e7evre (toprak, su, bitkiler (besinler) etkilenirken buralarda ya\u015fayan insanlarda da \u00f6zellikle besinlerdeki Cs 137 radyoaktif maddesi nedeniyle sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil santral b\u00f6lgesinde, kazan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131 onarmak i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan liquidator (tasfiyeci) denilen 240.000 i\u015f\u00e7inin 100 mSv, \u00e7evreden bo\u015falt\u0131lan 116.000 ki\u015finin 30 mSv ve radyoaktif maddelerle bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00e7evrede oturmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan ki\u015filerin de ilk 10 y\u0131lda 10 mSv\u00a0toplam<\/strong>\u00a0doz ald\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong>hesaplan\u0131yor. Bunlar ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 ortalama dozlar olup maksimum de\u011ferlerin 10 kat daha fazla olabilece\u011fi kestiriliyor.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 radyasyondan korunma kurulunun yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 teknik rapora g\u00f6re (UNSCEAR 2008), 1986 \u2018dan 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar insanlar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kestirilen toplam radyasyon dozlar\u0131 ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na miliSivert (mSv) olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki de\u011ferlerdedir:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00c7ernobil\u2019de kaza sonras\u0131 temizleme i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 doz<\/td>\n117<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sonradan bo\u015falt\u0131lan halk<\/td>\n\u00a0 31<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ukrayna, Beyaz Rusya ve Rusya\u2019da radyoaktif maddelerle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgelerdekiler<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00fcrkiye, Kafkas \u00fclkeleri, Andora ve San Marino d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki\u00a0 Avrupa\u2019dakiler<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0,3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Do\u011fal radyasyondan al\u0131nan y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama doz (kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in)<\/td>\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2,4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

UNSCEAR 2008 Teknik Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re ilk yard\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinden 134\u2019\u00fcnde ani (akut) radyasyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. T\u00fcm iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve omurilik aktar\u0131m\u0131na ra\u011fmen bunlardan 28\u2019i \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.1987-2004 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca 19 ki\u015fi \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle \u00f6ld\u00fc (bunlarda radyasyon etkisi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam olarak bilinemiyor).<\/p>\n

\u00c7ernobil radyoaktivitesinden T\u00fcrkiye halk\u0131 ne kadar etkilendi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in ya\u015fam boyu (ortalama 70 y\u0131l g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131yor) dozu olarak, Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019in k\u0131rsal kesimi i\u00e7in hesaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z 6 mSv\u2019lik ortalama de\u011ferin \/bkz.5\/, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dozlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131larak, T\u00fcrkiye geneli i\u00e7in \u2018bu g\u00fcvenlik eklemesiyle\u2019 birlikte, \u00c7ernobil radyoaktivitesinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki insanlar\u0131n v\u00fccutlar\u0131nda olu\u015fabilecek ya\u015fam boyu do\u011fal radyasyon dozunu: 6 \/ (2,4 x 70)\u00a0 = % 4 kadar y\u00fckseltebilece\u011fi beklenebilir.\u00a0 % 4\u2019l\u00fck bu ek miktar ise bir y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama do\u011fal radyasyon dozunun de\u011fi\u015fim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kal\u0131yor (1-10 mSv). Ancak bunlar ortalama de\u011ferler olup \u00f6nemli olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dozlar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu \u00e7ay ve f\u0131nd\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dozlard\u0131r. Bunlar ise belirlenememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"cns12\"\u015eekil 3 : \u00c7ay torbalar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131na\u00a0 bir \u00f6rnek.\u00a0 1986\u2019da \u00e7ay i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin bu yak\u0131n temas sonucu d\u0131\u015ftan ald\u0131klar\u0131 radyasyon dozlar\u0131, personel ve alet yetersizli\u011finden, kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in belirlenememi\u015ftir\/5\/.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Almanya ve T\u00fcrkiye genelinde \u00c7ernobil\u2019in etkisinden kaynaklanan radyasyon dozu miktar\u0131, do\u011fal radyasyon dozunun % 1,5 ve % 4\u2019\u00fc dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, \u00c7ernobil radyoaktivitesi sonucu, halk\u0131n s\u00fcrekli etkilendi\u011fi do\u011fal radyasyon dozuna bu miktarda ek bir radyasyon dozu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur (Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in Bkz \/5\/). Bu doz miktarlar\u0131, v\u00fccudun do\u011fal kaynaklardan s\u00fcrekli ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dozun de\u011fi\u015fim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda:1-10 mSv) kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00c7ernobil\u2019in v\u00fccutta belirgin bir hasar olu\u015fturmas\u0131 beklenmiyor. Ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 radyoaktivitenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirli y\u00f6relerdeki insanlarda (\u00f6rne\u011fin Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00e7ay ve f\u0131nd\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerinde) etkinin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde oldu\u011funun belirlenebilmesi i\u00e7in, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla kapsaml\u0131, uzun s\u00fcreli (10-30 y\u0131l gibi) epidemiyolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu gibi bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki \u00e7ay fabrikas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131lar\u0131 100.000\u2019i ge\u00e7en \u00e7ay i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7uvallardan (bkz.\u015eekil 3) ya da fabrikalardaki bantlardaki y\u00fcksek\u00a0radyoakitiviteli \u00e7aylardan \u2018do\u011frudan radyasyonla\u2019 ne kadar etkilendi\u011fi, o zamanlar \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakalanan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de personel ve alet yetersizli\u011finden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclememi\u015f, doz ve riskler hesaplanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan v\u00fccudumuzdaki do\u011fal radyoaktif maddelere ra\u011fmen h\u00fccreler, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan beri sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ya\u015famay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. \u00c7ernobil kaynakl\u0131, genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde ve y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e gitgide azalan\u00a0 dozlar\u0131n etkisiyle h\u00fccrelerde olabilecek bozulmalar\u0131n, do\u011fal radyasyon dozlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bozulmalarla birlikte g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir ki b\u00f6yle bir bozulma g\u00f6zlenemiyor. Buradan h\u00fccrelerin bu \u00e7e\u015fit k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck doz de\u011fi\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu mekanizmalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu, bunlar\u0131 etkisiz b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve belki de bu nedenle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir (D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dozlarla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in bkz.\/5\/). Bu sonu\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dozlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7ernobil \u00e7evresindeki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n kazan\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iyot 131 dozu almalar\u0131 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda tiroit kanserine yakalanmalar\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

Not: Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n daha k\u0131sa \u015fekli Herkese BT dergisi portal\u0131nda bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\/1\/ Reaktor Unfall Tschernobyl, BfS, Maerz 2016<\/p>\n

\/\/2\/ TBMM \u00c7ernobil Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Komisyonu raporu(1994)<\/p>\n

\/3\/\u00a0www.taek.gov.tr<\/a>\u00a0 \u00c7ernobil 20.y\u0131l dosyalar\u0131<\/p>\n

\/4\/ Spiegel, 23.04.2016 Holger Dambeck<\/p>\n

\/5\/ Radyasyon ve Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kitab\u0131, Y.Atakan, Nobel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 2014https:\/\/www.nobelkitap.com\/kitap_113005_radyasyon-ve-sagligimiz.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Birimler:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Becquerel:<\/strong>\u00a0Radyoaktivite birimi: 1 Bq: Saniyede 1 atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fi bozunumu olup \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sievert(Sv):<\/strong>\u00a0Radyasyon doz birimi olup 1 Sv= 1Joule\/kg; Asl\u0131nda 1 Sievert\u2019lik doz, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir doz olmakla birlikte, h\u00fccrelere enerji aktar\u0131m\u0131nda ise \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi oldu\u011fundan bunun binde biri olan miliSv (mSv) kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1 y\u0131lda v\u00fccudumuzun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal radyasyon dozu ortalama olarak ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 2,4 mSv\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksel Atakan Dr.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radyasyon fizik\u00e7isi, Almanya,\u00a0<\/strong>ybatakan@gmail.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Bildi\u011fimiz gibi, 26 Nisan 1986 g\u00fcn\u00fc Ukrayna \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki 4 No.lu reakt\u00f6rde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaza oldu. Kazadan sonraki 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25816,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,43],"tags":[30463,22669,30464,63,67,1009,2698,165,71,21,25480,23614,2973,30465,30466,30467,30468,2644,5837,30469],"views":1159,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54855"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54855"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54855\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":54856,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54855\/revisions\/54856"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54855"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54855"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}