{"id":5475,"date":"2013-01-22T10:27:59","date_gmt":"2013-01-22T07:27:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=5475"},"modified":"2013-01-22T10:27:59","modified_gmt":"2013-01-22T07:27:59","slug":"guc-savasinda-petrolun-yerini-kaya-gazi-alacak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/guc-savasinda-petrolun-yerini-kaya-gazi-alacak\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) G\u00fc\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131nda Petrol\u00fcn Yerini Kaya Gaz\u0131 Alacak"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

Petrol\u00fc ilk bulan ve kullanan M.\u00d6. 3 binli y\u0131llarda Mezopotamyal\u0131lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r hem ayd\u0131nlatmada hem de ila\u00e7 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri 20. ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda anla\u015f\u0131lan petrol milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ula\u015ft\u0131rmadan enerji yak\u0131tlar\u0131na, plastikten ilaca, zirai g\u00fcbrelerden giyime kadar hayat\u0131m\u0131zda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir\u00e7ok \u015fey ya petrol \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ya da petrol\u00fcn yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse \u00f6neminden daha fazla bahsetmeye gerek kalmayacak.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Esas\u0131nda petrol u\u011fruna ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm bu m\u00fccadeleyi Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnya sava\u015f ve siyasi tarihine damga vurmu\u015f olan Winston Churchill\u2019in \u201cbir damla petrol bir damla kandan daha k\u0131ymetlidir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6zetliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"Halen u\u011fruna b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol \u00f6neminden bir \u015fey kaybetmedi. Ama \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda baz\u0131 uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan petrol\u00fc taht\u0131n\u0131 sarsabilecek yeni bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6z ediliyor. D\u00fcnyadaki dengeleri yeniden de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bu enerji \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ismi ise, Kaya Gaz\u0131.<\/p>\n

1973\u2032teki petrol krizi, d\u00fcnyada alternatif enerji aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131. Bu aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n sonucunda ise en \u00f6nemli alternatif olarak kabul edilen kaya gaz\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n alternatifi olarak g\u00fcndeme gelen kaya gaz\u0131 kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zeneklerinde yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktardaki do\u011fal gazlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

PETROL HANG\u0130 \u00dcLKELER\u0130N EL\u0130NDE ?<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u00fcreticisi olan ilk 5 \u00fclke s\u0131ras\u0131yla Suudi Arabistan, Rusya, ABD, \u00c7in ve \u0130ran. En b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u00fcreticiler olan Suudi Arabistan ve Rusya ayn\u0131 zamanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 konumunda. Yine verilere g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol t\u00fcketicileri ise ABD, \u00c7in, Japonya, Hindistan ve Rusya olarak yer al\u0131yor. Peki en fazla petrol rezervine sahip olan \u00fclkeler hangileri? ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Enerji Enformasyon \u0130daresinin (EIA) ve \u0130ngiliz Petrol devi BP\u2019 nin istatistikler ve di\u011fer verilerden derledi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f petrol rezervine en fazla sahip olan \u00fclkeler s\u0131ras\u0131yla: Suudi Arabistan (%19.7), Venezuela (18.9), Kanada (12.94), \u0130ran(10.16), Irak (8.5) , Kuveyt (7.5) ve Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri (7.30). Yani \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Ortado\u011fu\u2019da yer alan bu 5 \u00fclke, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla petrol rezervlerine sahip durumda. Bu \u00fclkelere ek olarak Libya, Nijerya, Katar, Cezayir gibi Ortado\u011fu ve Afrika \u00fclkeleri de \u00f6nemli petrol \u00fcreticileri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Ku\u015fkusuz petrol\u00fcn yerine ikame edilebilecek bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 durumunda da ekonomik y\u00f6nden bundan en fazla etkilenecek olan \u00fclkeler de bu Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkeleri olacak.<\/p>\n

KAYA GAZI FELAKET SENARYOSUNA D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcR M\u00dc?<\/h2>\n

Esas\u0131nda ABD, Kanada, \u00c7in ve Avustralya gibi \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in kaya gaz\u0131 yeni bir konu de\u011fil. Bu \u00fclkeler uzun zamandan beri kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi yap\u0131yorlar. \u00d6zellikle ABD, 2000\u2032li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri bu alana yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131 ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla bug\u00fcn en fazla kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcreten lider \u00fclke durumunda.<\/p>\n

ABD her y\u0131l kaya gaz\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcretim miktar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmakta \u00f6yle ki son d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda ABD\u2019 nin \u00fcretti\u011fi kaya gaz\u0131 miktar\u0131 200 milyar metrek\u00fcp\u00fcn \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu rakam, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck gaz ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 konumunda olan Rusya\u2019 n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011fal gaz ihracat\u0131ndan fazla. ABD\u2019 nin sadece Wyoming\u2019de \u00fcretti\u011fi kaya gaz\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011fal gaz t\u00fcketiminden y\u00fcksek. Amerikan Enerji Bilgi \u0130daresi taraf\u0131ndan sunulan rapora g\u00f6re, ABD\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi toplam do\u011falgaz ve petrol \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 14\u2032\u00fcne denk gelirken, kaya gaz\u0131 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00fclkenin gaz \u00fcretiminin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada en fazla kaya gaz\u0131na sahip \u00fclkeler ise \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralan\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

1. \u00c7in \u2013 36 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

2. ABD \u2013 24,5 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

3. Arjantin \u2013 22 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

4. Meksika \u2013 19,2 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

5. G\u00fcney Afrika \u2013 13,7 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

6. Avustralya \u2013 11.2 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

7. Kanada \u2013 11 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

8. Libya \u2013 8,2 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

9. Cezayir \u2013 6,5 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

10. Brezilya \u2013 6,3 trilyon m3<\/p>\n

Her y\u0131l 50 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde enerji ithalat\u0131 yapan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ise tahmini kaya gaz\u0131 rezervi 1,8 trilyon metrek\u00fcp civar\u0131nda. Enerjide d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in bu rakam dahi 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftireler de mevcut. Bilim adamlar\u0131, kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n halen fosil yak\u0131t ve karbondioksit kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda uyar\u0131larda bulunuyorlar. \u00c7evreci \u00f6rg\u00fctlerde d\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinde kirlenmeyi artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00d6yle ki kaya gaz\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin rezervlere sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Fransa \u00e7evresel kayg\u0131lar nedeniyle kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Keza \u0130ngiltere\u2019 de de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n meydana gelmesi nedeniyle bu sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n sebebi olarak g\u00f6sterilen kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yasaklanm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

But\u00fcn ele\u015ftirilere ra\u011fmen t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kaya gaz\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelmekte ve \u00fclkeler her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn bu alandaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki \u00c7in \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 5 y\u0131l\u0131n enerji plan\u0131n\u0131 yaparken, kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 ilk s\u0131raya koyuyor. \u00c7in devletine ba\u011fl\u0131 petrol ve do\u011fal gaz \u015firketi Sinopec, kaya gaz\u0131 teknolojisini daha da ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ABD\u2019nin Chesapeake \u015firketini i\u015ftirakleri aras\u0131na katt\u0131. \u00c7in \u015firketi Cnooc, Kanada \u015firketi Nexen\u2019i de 15 milyar dolara sat\u0131n ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u00fcretip, d\u00fcnyaya pazarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n, petrole dayanan enerji fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131ndaki maliyetlerin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fenmesi ve arz g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 durumunda kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n enerji fiyatlar\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc bask\u0131 yapmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olacak.<\/p>\n

ABD ve \u00c7in\u2019in hem en b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya gaz\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 olmas\u0131 hem de en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol talep eden \u00fclke olmalar\u0131 yak\u0131n gelecekte ba\u015fta Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki Arap \u00fclkeleri olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn petrol sahibi \u00fclkelerin gelirlerinde ciddi miktarda azal\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7abilir. ABD ve \u00c7in\u2019in haricinde di\u011fer \u00fclkelerinde kaya gaz\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmalar\u0131 durumunda d\u00fcnya genelinde kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ile enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 30 civar\u0131nda artaca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece hem petrol\u00fcn hem de do\u011falgaz\u0131n fiyat\u0131nda azalmalar\u0131n ya\u015fan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Unutmamak gerekiyor ki kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimiyle birlikte ABD\u2019 de \u015fimdiden gaz fiyatlar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya oranla 5 kat daha ucuz hale geldi.<\/p>\n

Enerji alan\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeler, petrol zengini Arap \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekten \u00fczerinde ciddi ciddi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken bir konu haline geliyor. Sadece kaya gaz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Barack Obama\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar da petrol piyasas\u0131nda gelecekte dengelerin de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde i\u015faretler veriyor.<\/p>\n

Yeniden ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ildikten sonra ABD Ba\u015fkan Obama Amerika\u2019y\u0131 yabanc\u0131 petrol ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtarmak i\u00e7in \u00fclkesindeki petrol ve gaz \u00fcretiminin artt\u0131rma karar\u0131 verdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokmas\u0131 durumunda Ulusaras\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n tahminlerine g\u00f6re de A.B.D 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda en fazla petrol \u00fcreten \u00fclke unvan\u0131n\u0131 Suudi Arabistan\u2019dan devralacak. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Rusya\u2019 y\u0131 ge\u00e7erek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011falgaz \u00fcreticisi olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin ediliyor.Kaya gaz\u0131 ile birlikte petrolde de ABD\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki sadece 4 y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ihracat\u00e7\u0131 konumuna gelece\u011fi ve enerji piyasas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn dengeleri yeniden d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerden biri haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131llard\u0131r sahip olduklar\u0131 petrol kaynaklar\u0131 sayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginli\u011fe ula\u015fan Arap \u00fclkeleri, enerji alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiden yeni stratejiler belirlemek zorunda gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Uzun vadede dahi kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n petrol\u00fc taht\u0131ndan indirebilece\u011fine kimse ihtimal g\u00f6rmese de sadece petrol ihra\u00e7 ederek y\u00fcksek gelirlere ula\u015fan \u00fclkelerin art\u0131k y\u00fcksek gelirlerinden mahrum kalaca\u011f\u0131 da apa\u00e7\u0131k ortada.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.Petrol\u00fc ilk bulan ve kullanan M.\u00d6. 3 binli y\u0131llarda Mezopotamyal\u0131lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r hem ayd\u0131nlatmada hem de ila\u00e7 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ger\u00e7ek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5476,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,44],"tags":[67,168,59],"views":548,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5475"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5475"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5478,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5475\/revisions\/5478"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5475"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}