{"id":49987,"date":"2016-02-05T14:27:26","date_gmt":"2016-02-05T11:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=49987"},"modified":"2016-02-05T14:27:45","modified_gmt":"2016-02-05T11:27:45","slug":"elektrik-uretiminde-yenilenebilir-ve-nukleer-enerjiyle-ilgili-durum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/elektrik-uretiminde-yenilenebilir-ve-nukleer-enerjiyle-ilgili-durum\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Elektrik \u00dcretiminde Yenilenebilir ve N\u00fckleer Enerjiyle \u0130lgili Durum…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Gitgide artan n\u00fcfus, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m i\u00e7in gereken elektri\u011fin yeterince ve kesintisiz \u00fcretilebilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yenilenebilir enerjilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra n\u00fckleer enerjiye de (Almanya gibi 5 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda), ilgi art\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda burada, \u00f6zellikle n\u00fckleer enerjiyle ilgili bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilim ve teknoloji d\u00fczeyindeki\u00a0ger\u00e7ekleri, kaynaklara dayanarak,<\/strong>\u00a0oldu\u011fu gibi \"elektrik-uretiminde-yenilenebilir-ve-nukleer-enerjiyle-ilgili-durum\"<\/a>yans\u0131tarak, bu konuda do\u011fru bilgilendirmeye katk\u0131da bulunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. N\u00fckleer santrallarla ilgili uzun deneyimlere dayanan bilgi ve bulgular\u0131 nesnel olarak, buraya aktarmak, n\u00fckleer santral savunuculu\u011fu olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki bu konudaki geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmenin ya da elde edilen yeni bilgi ve bulgulara dayanmadan n\u00fckleer enerjiye kar\u015f\u0131 olman\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilikle bir ilgisinin bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yenilenebilir enerjilerin, kentlerin ve fabrikalar\u0131n gece, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz\u00a0 taban elektrik gereksinimini\u00a0kesintisiz\u00a0<\/strong>kar\u015f\u0131layamayaca\u011f\u0131, artmakta olan n\u00fcfus, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m i\u00e7in daha fazla elektrik gereksinimi ger\u00e7e\u011fi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak, ya fosil yak\u0131tlardan ya da n\u00fckleer enerjiden yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Fosil yak\u0131tlardan sal\u0131nan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecedeki CO2<\/strong>\u00a0\u2018in iklimi etkilemesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra uzun s\u00fcrede yava\u015f yava\u015f kanser yapan a\u011f\u0131r metalllerin de \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc santrallardan sal\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada, fosil enerjili yak\u0131tlar\u0131 azatmak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, \u00a0yenilenebilir enerjilerin art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Ancak, taban elektrik gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in n\u00fckleer enerjiden ba\u015fka bir se\u00e7enek de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun sonucu olarak n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131na t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada h\u0131z verildi\u011fi de bilinmelidir \/7\/. Almanya gibi sadece 5 \u00fclkenin n\u00fckleerden \u00e7\u0131kma karar\u0131 almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Almanya\u2018n\u0131n AB \u015febekesinden ileride yine \u00f6rne\u011fin Fransa\u2019dan gelecek n\u00fckleer kaynakl\u0131 elektri\u011fi kullanmak zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekiyor. \u00a0Bu nedenlerle, \u00fclkemizin gitgide artan elektrik gereksinimini kesintisiz kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in\u00a0\u00f6ncelikle y<\/strong>enilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere<\/strong>, di\u011fer enerji kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde n\u00fckleer enerji de bilim, teknoloji, ak\u0131l ve mant\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Ancak bu yap\u0131l\u0131rken,\u00a0g\u00fcvenli\u011fi en \u00fcst derecede olan modern n\u00fckleer santrallar se\u00e7ilmeli,<\/strong>\u00a0uluslararas\u0131 standartlara g\u00f6re kalite kontrollar\u0131 yap\u0131larak kurulmal\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>ve b\u00f6ylelikle \u00e7evredekilere ve do\u011faya olumsuz olabilecek etkiler en az d\u00fczeye indirilmelidir \/1\/.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, bilinen elektrik ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmeli, elektrik ve elektrikle i\u015fleyen ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler tutumlu kullan\u0131lmal\u0131, insanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n savurgan yeti\u015fmemeleri i\u00e7in aileler ve okul \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 e\u011fitilerek bilin\u00e7lendirilmelidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer santrallardeki kaza riski<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm teknoloji dallar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi n\u00fckleer santrallarda da bir kaza riski vard\u0131r. Ancak bu risk, geli\u015fen teknolojinin getirdi\u011fi otomasyon sistemleri ve \u00e7ok daha kaliteli yap\u0131yla, sim\u00fclat\u00f6rlerde e\u011fitimle gitgide azalarak yok denecek d\u00fczeye inmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle bug\u00fcn bir \u00e7ok \u00fclke elektrik enerjisi a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatabilmek ve fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 santrallar\u0131n daha fazla CO2<\/strong>\u00a0ve a\u011f\u0131r metaller sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in modern n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131na h\u0131z vermi\u015ftir \/7\/. \u00d6te yandan kaza olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in geli\u015fen teknolojileri n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygularken santrallar\u0131n i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck gecikmeler olmaktad\u0131r. Buna bir \u00f6rnek olarak Finlandiya\u2019da bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc bitirilemeyen NGS g\u00f6sterilebilir (Bkz: A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015eekil).<\/p>\n

\"finlandiya<\/p>\n

Finlandiya\u2019da 2003\u2019den beri yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren 3.ku\u015fak Atmea NGS\u2019n\u0131n 2009\u2019daki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

9 y\u0131l gecikmeyle ancak 2018de bitece\u011fini AREVA a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Zarar\u0131 3,9 milyar Avro!!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeni bir NGS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir n\u00fckleer santralda dizelli acil elektrik jenerat\u00f6rleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmasa dahi, reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn, \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndaki depodan kendili\u011finden (yer \u00e7ekimiyle) akan suyla 3 g\u00fcn boyunca so\u011futulabilece\u011fi<\/p>\n

AP 1000 Westinghouse yeni n\u00fckleer santral modelinde bulunuyor\/2\/. Kaza riskinin bu \u015fekilde \u00e7ok azalt\u0131larak reakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n ergimesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesine ra\u011fmen, kurulacak santrallardaki g\u00fcvenlik sistemleriyle ilgili t\u00fcm ayg\u0131t, alet ve par\u00e7alar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 standartlara g\u00f6re kalite kontrollar\u0131n\u0131n ilgili uzmanlarca \/ bilirki\u015filerce tam olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. Bu konunun ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Ocak 2015\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Fizik M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Teknik raporunda da bulunuyor \/1\/ .<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nceki b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer santral kazalar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan personel hatalar\u0131 ise, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc otomasyon sistemlerinin devreye girmesiyle yeni NGS\u2019da son derece azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir dizi g\u00fcvenlik sistemi eksik olan vereakt\u00f6r binas\u0131n\u0131 kaps\u00fclleyen g\u00fcvenlik kab\u0131 (containment)<\/strong>\u00a0da bulunmayan \u00c7ernobil santral\u0131 Almanya\u2019da daha 70\u2018li y\u0131llarda bile lisans\/onay alamaz ve kurulamazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca n\u00fckleer santrallardaki kazalara \u00a0s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilen \u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131, e\u011fitimsiz personelin bir deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi ve reakt\u00f6r\u00fc so\u011futacak suyun pompalar\u0131n\u0131 da durdurmas\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hata sonucu, ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halbuki, de\u011fil bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni n\u00fckleer santrallarda, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki o zamanki santrallarda bile,\u00a0kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 i\u00e7ten kilitli oldu\u011fundan<\/strong>, personel istese de bunlar\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekemez ve su pompalar\u0131n\u0131 durduramaz ve kaza da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019lerin General Electric modeli eski reakt\u00f6r tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren Fuku\u015fima\u2019da 2011\u2019de olan b\u00fcy\u00fck kaza ise, daha \u00f6nce ilgili uzmanlarca uyar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, dizelli ivedi elektrik \u00fcrete\u00e7lerinin, \u00fcst katlara \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamas\u0131 sonucu, bunlar\u0131n Ts\u00fcnami sular\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 ve reakt\u00f6rlere su basacak pompalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz duruma gelmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu da yeni santrallar i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rnek de\u011fildir. Kazadan sonra Japonya\u2019daki 50 kadar reakt\u00f6rdeki t\u00fcm dizelli jenerat\u00f6rler \u00fcst katlarda konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni n\u00fckleer santrallarda, personelin \u00f6nceden benzer santrallarda ve sim\u00fclat\u00f6rlerde e\u011fitilip yeti\u015ftirilmesi, santral\u0131n ileride otomasyon sistemleriyle birlikte sorunsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer santrallardaki kazalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm end\u00fcstri dallar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi n\u00fckeer santrallarda da irili, ufakl\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli kazalar\u0131n\u00a0 olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok do\u011fald\u0131r ve bunlar olmaktad\u0131r da! \u0130lgili kazalar\u0131n \u00f6nem durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131larak yetkili makamlara bildirildi\u011fi bu kazalar sonucu\u00a0 n\u00fckleer santrallarda kimse \u00f6lmemi\u015f ve \u00e7evreye \u00f6nemli miktarda radyoaktivite de sal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin son 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r i\u015fletilen Almanya\u2019daki n\u00fckleer santrallarda da denetleyici kurumlara bildirilmesi zorunlu olan bir dizi kaza olmu\u015f, \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z laboratuvarlarca yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerde , gerek santralda gerekse \u00e7evrede, radyoaktivite d\u00fczeyinin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131sacas\u0131 \u00e7evre ve orada ya\u015fayanlar bunlardan olumsuz etkilenmemi\u015flerdir. Almanya\u2019daki t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n \u00e7evrelerindeki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve de\u011ferlendirme sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak \/1\/ nolu kaynaktaki \u00e7izelgelerde bulunuyor. Bunlardan g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi zaman zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan irili ufakl\u0131 kazalar\u0131n \u00e7evrede herhangi bir etkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcrekli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen radyoaktivite de\u011ferlerinden olu\u015fabilecek radyasyon dozunun, 0,3 mSievert\u2019lik s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve herhangi bir anormalli\u011fe rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bu s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fer, 2,4 mSv\u2019lik ortalama do\u011fal radyasyon dozunun normal de\u011fi\u015fim aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr).<\/p>\n

Radyoaktif at\u0131klar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radyoaktif at\u0131klarla ilgili olarak, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde son 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. At\u0131klar\u0131n hacimleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fcyor, y\u00fcksek radyoaktiviteli olanlar\u0131n camla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak biyolojik ortamla ili\u015fkisinin kesilmesi, at\u0131klar\u0131n ve \u00f6zel varillerinin belirli s\u00fcreler sonunda durumlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenerek gerekli onar\u0131m ve yenilemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Almanya\u2019da Castor varillerinde ve Fransa\u2019daki benzer \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor \/3\/. N\u00fckleer at\u0131klar\u0131n depolanmas\u0131 sorununa hen\u00fcz kesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirilememi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu konuda yap\u0131lmakta olan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019deki t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer santrallardan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak y\u00fcksek radyoaktiviteli t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t\u0131n, 700 adet her biri 5000 metre derinlikte, uygun jeolojik yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131lacak \u201aderin kuyular\u2019da kaps\u00fcllenmesiyle ve b\u00f6ylelikle biyolojik ortamla ili\u015fkisinin kesilmesiyle ilgili bir \u201apilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla\u2018<\/strong>\u00a0ortaya konmu\u015ftur. \u0130lgili raporda t\u00fcm teknik ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar ve fiyatlar yer al\u0131yor \/4\/.<\/p>\n

Gerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta derecede radyoaktiviteli at\u0131klar\u0131n santral alan\u0131nda ve daha sonraki y\u0131llarda da \u00fclkemizde uygun g\u00fcvenli yerlerde depolanmas\u0131, gerekse n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya g\u00fcvenli ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara \u00fcniversitelerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi halinde daha fazla gecikilmeden biran \u00f6nce ba\u015flan\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer enerjiden \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fclkeler ve d\u00fcnyadaki durum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan Almanya 2023 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n\u0131 kapatma karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f, r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjilerinden elektrik \u00fcretimine h\u0131z vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Al\u0131nan bu karar teknik de\u011fil, politiktir. Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131 sonras\u0131, n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in halk h\u00fck\u00fcmete b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 oy kaybedece\u011fini hesaplayan fizik doktaral\u0131 Ba\u015fbakan Merkel ve h\u00fck\u00fcmeti n\u00fckleer enerjiden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015ften elde edilen elektrik enerjisi Almanya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet deste\u011fi ve elektrik faturalar\u0131na eklenen katk\u0131larla art\u0131m g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 2012\u2019de\u00a0 bunlardan elde edilen elektrik, toplam \u00fcretilenin %12\u2018si kadard\u0131r \/6\/.\u00a0 G\u00fcne\u015fin geceleri, r\u00fczgar\u0131n da her zaman olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucu taban elektrik enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak n\u00fckleer santrallarla fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 santrallar\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Almanya\u2019da s\u00fcrmektedir ve ileride de elektrik a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatabilmek i\u00e7in 63 adet k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc elektrik santral\u0131na ek olarak 13 adet de yeni k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc santral\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na da ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Green Peace\u2019in yaz\u0131s\u0131na bkz \/5\/). Green Peace n\u00fckleer santrallara kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olanlara da kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak taban elektrik enerjisinin de bir yerden gelmesi \u00a0zorunludur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yenilenebilir enerjilerle \u00fcretilen miktar\u0131n, s\u00fcrekli artan n\u00fcfus, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m i\u00e7in gereken elektirik gereksinimini ileride de kapatamayaca\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n

Almanya 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yenilenebilir enerjilerin pay\u0131n\u0131 %35\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Medyada yer alan %20\u2019den fazla elektrik yenilenebilir enerjilerden \u00fcretildi s\u00f6ylemi \u201asanki bu miktar sadece g\u00fcne\u015f ve r\u00fczgar enerjilerinden \u00fcretilmi\u015f gibi yanl\u0131\u015f yans\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r \/Bkz. 6\/).\u00a0 Ge\u00e7ek ise, %20\u2019nin i\u00e7inde eskiden beri enerji \u00fcretim yelpazesinde bulunan su ve biyok\u00fctle de vard\u0131r. 2012\u2019de su ve biyok\u00fctlenin pay\u0131 t\u00fcm yenilenebilir enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131r: %10,5 .<\/p>\n

2020 -2023 aras\u0131nda %35\u2019den arta kalan %65 taban enerjinin de yine b\u00fcy\u00fck miktar\u0131 fosil yak\u0131tlardan, n\u00fckleerden ve 2022\u2019den sonra da gerekti\u011finde AB \u015febekesinden kar\u015f\u0131lanabilece\u011fidir ki bunda da Fransa gibi \u00fclkelerden kaynaklanan n\u00fckleer enerjinin pay\u0131 da epey y\u00fcksek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131 burada a\u00e7\u0131klamak, n\u00fckleer enerjiye \u00f6vg\u00fc de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek durumun do\u011fru olarak bilinmesini sa\u011flayarak deve ku\u015fu gibi ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kuma g\u00f6mmeyi \u00f6nlemektir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminde en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 %41 ile k\u00f6m\u00fcrden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Almanya\u2019da : %44. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131 (IEA) verilerine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada 7000 adet, bir ba\u015fka kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re ise irili ufakl\u0131 50.000 adet k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc elektrik santral\u0131 bulunuyor ve bunlar atmosfere\u00a0y\u0131lda 10 milyar ton CO2\u00a0sal\u0131yor.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>K\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallar\u0131 \u00e7evresinde, baca gazlar\u0131yla birlikte a\u011f\u0131r metallerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7evreye az da olsa s\u00fcrekli sal\u0131nan\u00a0 a\u011f\u0131r radyoaktif maddeler de solunan havayla birlikte v\u00fccuda girip \u00f6zellikle kemiklerde yerle\u015fip v\u00fccudu i\u00e7ten \u0131\u015f\u0131nl\u0131yorlar. Ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve linyit k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc gibi yak\u0131tlar\u0131n bile\u015fiminde, uranyum 238 ve toryum 232\u2019den t\u00fcreyen, radyum 226, polonyum 210 ve kur\u015fun 210 ve ayr\u0131ca potasyum 40 gibi do\u011fal radyoaktif maddeler, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn cinsine g\u00f6re, az miktarda bulunuyor (bu \u00e7e\u015fit a\u011f\u0131r n\u00fcklitler n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n baca gazlar\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131yor).<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fcnyada artarak s\u00fcr\u00fcyor: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan: 437, yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren: 66, planlanan 168, \u00f6nerilen 322 adet (1 Haziran 2015 say\u0131lar\u0131 \/7\/).<\/p>\n

Japon h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131ndan sonra yeni bir n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Tepco \u015firketinden 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda teklif istemi\u015f ve durdurulan 48 santral\u0131 da birer birer tekrar devreye almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00fckleer enerjiden \u00e7\u0131kan Almanya\u2019y\u0131 sadece 4 \u00fclke (Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130svi\u00e7re, \u0130spanya ve \u0130talya) izlemi\u015f, kalanlar\u0131 ise n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131 i\u015fletmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte ya da yeni santrallar yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekteler. Fransa ve Finlandiya\u2019da yeni birer n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00c7in, Rusya ve Hindistan\u2018da gitgide artan say\u0131da n\u00fckleer santrallar yap\u0131l\u0131yor\/6, 7\/.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gitgide artan n\u00fcfus, konforlu ya\u015fam, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m i\u00e7in gereken enerji gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkemizde de\u00a0\u00f6ncelikle yenilenebilir enerjilerden<\/strong>\u00a0elektrik \u00fcretimi art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Elektri\u011fin tutumlu kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi beklenir. Ancak, bunlar ilgililerce, yetkililerce biliniyor. Buna ra\u011fmen uzun eri\u015fimli (vadeli) ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mlar gerektiren \u015febekenin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, ka\u00e7aklar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesiyle ilgili \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n da kolay olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki bu yap\u0131lam\u0131yor. Elektri\u011fi tutumlu kullanmak da gerekiyor. Ancak bu, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131yla ilgili oldu\u011fundan, bunun pek kolay de\u011fi\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini de kabul etmemiz ve evlerimizde i\u015f yerlerimizde prizden geldi\u011fine al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve ancak kesildi\u011finde farketti\u011fimiz elektri\u011fin, insana ve do\u011faya en az zarar verecek \u015fekilde, kesintisiz \u00fcretilmesi de sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak bug\u00fcn \u201ataban elektrik enerjisi\u2018 ancak ya fosil ya da n\u00fckleer enerjiyle sa\u011flanmak durumundad\u0131r. \u00a0Bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr santral\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r metaller ve radyoaktif uranyum, polonyum ve radyoaktif kur\u015fun nedeniyle santral\u0131n 40-50 y\u0131ll\u0131k normal i\u015fletme s\u00fcresince 1000 ki\u015finin kanserden \u00f6lece\u011fi hesaplan\u0131yor ama bu a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fundan kan\u0131tlanam\u0131yor.<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n nomal i\u015fletme s\u00fcresince ise \u00e7evreye CO2<\/strong>, a\u011f\u0131r metaller ve uranyum, polonyum gibi a\u011f\u0131r n\u00fcklitler sal\u0131nm\u0131yor. Bu nedenlerle, otomasyon sistemleriyle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaliteli Westinghouse AP1000 modeli \/2\/ gibi modern n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 standartlara g\u00f6re kalite kontrollar\u0131 yap\u0131larak kurulmas\u0131 ve iyi e\u011fitilmi\u015f deneyimli personelle i\u015fletilmesi durumunda risk yok denecek kadar azalacakt\u0131r (Bulgaristan, bu tip g\u00fcvenli\u011fi y\u00fcksek bir n\u00fckleer santral yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Westinghouse \u015firketinden teklif istemi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer enerjiye kar\u015f\u0131 olanlara, taban elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in yenilenebilir enerjilerin ileride Almanya\u2019da da yeterli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve orada da yeni k\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc santrallar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra AB \u015febekesinden n\u00fckleer enerjiyi kullanacaklar\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6rmeleri ve daha g\u00fcvenli n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in durumu nesnel (objektif) olarak de\u011ferlendirmeleri ve katk\u0131da bulunmalar\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Bu konuda\u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 Atom Enerjisi Ajans\u0131n\u0131n (UAEA) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ge\u00e7en y\u0131ldan beri yapmakta oldu\u011fu \u00f6nerilerin, Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve TAEK\u2019ce dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 da beklenir \/8 ve 9\/.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksel Atakan, Dr.Fizik Y.M\u00fch., Almanya,\u00a0 ybatakan@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/p>\n

\/1\/ \u00dclkemizde kurulacak n\u00fckleer santrallar\u0131n radyasyon g\u00fcvenli\u011fiyle ilgili \u00f6neriler<\/p>\n

FMO yay\u0131n\u0131 Ocak 2015<\/p>\n

\/2\/http:\/\/www.westinghousenuclear.com\/New-Plants\/AP1000-PWR<\/p>\n

\/3\/\u00a0www.bfs.de<\/a>; A key tool for the management for decommissioning wastes in France, Michel D\u00fctzer, Strahlenschutzpraxis, Heft 2\/2015<\/p>\n

\/4\/ Sandia National Laboratories SANDIA REPORT \u00a0SAND2011-6749 Unlimited Release \u00a0October 2011 Reference Design and Operations for Deep Borehole Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste Bill W. Arnold, Patrick V. Brady, Stephen J. Bauer, Courtney Herrick, Stephen Pye, and John Finger Prepared by Sandia<\/p>\n

\/5\/https:\/\/www.greenpeace.de\/themen\/energiewende\/fossile-energien\/geplante-kohlekraftwerke-deutschland<\/p>\n

\/6\/ \u00a0http:\/\/www.nobelyayin.com\/detay.asp?u=4025<\/a>\u00a0sayfa 278<\/p>\n

\/7\/http:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/info\/Facts-and-Figures\/World-Nuclear-Power-Reactors-and-Uranium-Requirements\/<\/p>\n

\/8\/ http:\/\/news.az\/articles\/region\/98410\/<\/p>\n

\/9\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/NuclearPower\/Downloadable\/Meetings\/2014\/2014-04-07-04-11-TM-INIG\/Presentations\/11_Russia_Kogay.pdf<\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Gitgide artan n\u00fcfus, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sat\u0131m i\u00e7in gereken elektri\u011fin yeterince ve kesintisiz \u00fcretilebilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yenilenebilir enerjilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra n\u00fckleer […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49988,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53,43],"tags":[5070,63,67,1009,2698,165,71,21,25480,23614,13078,2973,28346,105,26829,3940,1347,15329],"views":1075,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49987"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49987"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49987\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49989,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49987\/revisions\/49989"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/49988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49987"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=49987"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=49987"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}