{"id":37644,"date":"2015-03-27T17:10:19","date_gmt":"2015-03-27T14:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=37644"},"modified":"2015-03-27T17:10:19","modified_gmt":"2015-03-27T14:10:19","slug":"makale-alternatif-hidrokarbon-yataklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/makale-alternatif-hidrokarbon-yataklari\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Makale: Alternatif Hidrokarbon Yataklar\u0131!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizin, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sekt\u00f6rlerinden biri olan petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ne yaz\u0131k ki y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar ge\u00e7 ad\u0131m atmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, enerji kaynaklar\u0131 terminolojisinde ciddi bir karma\u015fa ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki pek \u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131 ve yerbilimci uzman maalesef yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ve konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu terimleri hem \u0130ngilizce kullanmakta hem de yanl\u0131\u015f kullanmaktad\u0131r. Fosil k\u00f6kenli enerji kaynaklar\u0131 terimleri i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz ortak bir dil geli\u015ftirilememi\u015ftir.<\/span>\u00a0Bu k\u0131sa makalenin amac\u0131, alternatif (konvansiyonel-geleneksel olmayan) fosil yak\u0131tlar hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirme yapmak ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-\u0130ngilizce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sunmakt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petrol \u015eeyli (Oil Shale) :<\/strong>\u00a0Bit\u00fcml\u00fc \u015eeyl olarak ta bilinen i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a kerojen ve daha az miktarda bit\u00fcm i\u00e7eren tortul kaya\u00e7lard\u0131r. Kimi zaman bit\u00fcml\u00fc \u015fist diye an\u0131lsa da, \u015fist bir t\u00fcr ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m kaya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in tortul kaya\u00e7 olan petrol \u015feyllerinin bu \u015fekil\"makale-alternatif-hidrokarbon-yataklari\"<\/a>de adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Kat\u0131 halde bulunan petrol \u015feylleri nispeten gen\u00e7 kaya\u00e7lard\u0131r. Olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f kaya\u00e7 olarak da kabul edilebilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeterli bir s\u00fcre ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bekleyememesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc petrole d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fememi\u015f kaya\u00e7lard\u0131r. Madencilik tekni\u011fiyle \u00fcretilirler. Petrol \u015feylleri do\u011frudan yak\u0131larak termik santrallerde de\u011ferlendirilebilir ya da \u00f6zel i\u015flemlerden ge\u00e7irilerek (piroliz, dam\u0131tma) sentetik s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131t (\u015feyl petrol\u00fc) elde edilebilir. Estonya d\u00fcnyada petrol \u015feylleri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00e7ok de\u011ferlendiren \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmekte, birincil enerji arz\u0131n\u0131n %75ini bu kaynaktan sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde Orta ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da petrol \u015feyl rezervleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sentetik Petrol (Shale Oil*):<\/strong>\u00a0Petrol \u015feylerinin oksijensiz ortamda y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta (piroliz y\u00f6ntemi) \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak organik bile\u015fenlerin dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131t elde edilmesinden olu\u015fur. Elde edilen s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131ta sentetik petrol ya da \u015feyl petrol\u00fc de denilmektedir. \u00dcretim maliyeti fazlad\u0131r ama artan petrol fiyatlar\u0131 \u00fcretimi ekonomik k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcretim maliyetleri petrol \u015feylinin kalitesine, rezerv miktar\u0131na ve petrol fiyatlar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Asfaltit (Oil Sand, Tar Sand, Bituminous Sand):<\/strong>\u00a0Asfaltitler kaynak kayada olu\u015fup hazne kayaya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden petrol\u00fcn, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya da hazne kayada yeralt\u0131ndaki jeolojik hareketler sonucunda olu\u015fan yar\u0131k ve \u00e7atlaklardan y\u00fczeye veya y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n yerlere \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 oksijen ile bozunmas\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. K\u0131saca asfaltit, petrol\u00fcn kaliteli s\u0131v\u0131 halinden daha az kaliteli kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mi\u015f halidir. Madencilik tekni\u011fiyle \u00fcretilirler ya da artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f petrol kazan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi olan buhar basma ile yeralt\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 faza ge\u00e7irilip petrolc\u00fcl\u00fck tekni\u011fiyle \u00fcretilirler. Termik santrallerde yak\u0131larak da de\u011ferlendirilirler. \u00dclkemizde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde asfaltit kaynaklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaya Gaz\u0131 (Shale Gas):<\/strong>\u00a0\u015eeyl gaz\u0131 olarak ta bilinen kaya gaz\u0131, kaynak kayadaki olu\u015fmu\u015f ve i\u00e7erisinde hapsolmu\u015f do\u011fal gazd\u0131r. \u00a0Petrol ve do\u011fal gaz, olu\u015ftu\u011fu kaynak kayay\u0131 terk ederek bir g\u00f6\u00e7 yolu izleyerek farkl\u0131 kaya\u00e7lar i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015fir. Ancak bazen hidrokarbonlar kayan\u0131n ge\u00e7irimsiz yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kaynak kayada kal\u0131rlar. Bu ge\u00e7irimsiz kaynak kaya, \u015feyl diye tabir edilen kil a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131dan olu\u015fur. Ge\u00e7irimsiz kaynak kayadaki gaz\u0131 \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in, hidrolik \u00e7atlatma ve yatay sondaj teknikleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7la \u00e7atlat\u0131lan kayadan yatay sondaj ile temas alan\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131larak gaz \u00fcretiminde bulunulur. \u00dclkemizde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ve Trakya civar\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaya Petrol\u00fc (Shale Oil*):<\/strong>\u00a0Kaya gaz\u0131 gibi kaynak kaya da hapsolmu\u015f halde bulunan ham petrold\u00fcr. Kaya gaz\u0131 kadar pop\u00fcler olmamas\u0131n sebebi, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7irimsiz tabakalardan \u00fcretimi teknik ve ekonomik olarak gaz \u00fcretimine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha zordur. Gazlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve u\u00e7uculu\u011fu \u00fcretimlerini s\u0131v\u0131lara g\u00f6re \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde kaya petrol\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u0131k\u0131 Rezervuar Gaz\u0131 (Tight Gas):<\/strong>\u00a0Kaynak kayada olu\u015fmu\u015f ve daha sonra kaynak kayadan hazne kayaya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f ama hazne kayan\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi jeolojik hareketlerden dolay\u0131 ge\u00e7irimsizle\u015fmi\u015f tabakada (kumta\u015f\u0131\/karbonat) hapsolmu\u015f gazd\u0131r. Kaynak kayada hapsolmu\u015f kaya gaz\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcretimi teknik ve ekonomik olarak daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hazne kayalar y\u00fczeye daha yak\u0131n olmakla birlikte ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi\/g\u00f6zeneklili\u011fi kaynak kayalara g\u00f6re daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00dcretiminde, hidrolik \u00e7atlatma ve yatay sondaj tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ve Trakya civar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u0131k\u0131 Rezervuar Petrol\u00fc (Tight Oil):<\/strong>\u00a0Kaynak kayada olu\u015fmu\u015f ve daha sonra kaynak kayadan hazne kayaya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f ama hazne kayan\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi jeolojik hareketlerden dolay\u0131 ge\u00e7irimsizle\u015fmi\u015f tabakada (kumta\u015f\u0131\/karbonat) hapsolmu\u015f petrold\u00fcr. Kaynak kayada hapsolmu\u015f kaya petrol\u00fcne g\u00f6re \u00fcretimi teknik ve ekonomik olarak daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hazne kayalar\u0131n ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi\/g\u00f6zeneklili\u011fi kaynak kayalara g\u00f6re daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00dcretiminde, hidrolik \u00e7atlatma ve yatay sondaj tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Buz Gazlar\u0131 (Gas Hydrate, Methane Hydrate) :<\/strong>\u00a0Gaz\/metan hidratlar\u0131 olarak da bilinmektedir. Buz gazlar\u0131n\u0131n temel bile\u015feni metan gaz\u0131d\u0131r. Metan gaz\u0131 okyanusun veya derin denizlerin derinliklerinde dibe \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f \u00f6l\u00fc denizel canl\u0131lar\u0131n bakteriyel etkinli\u011fe maruz kalmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmakta ve ayn\u0131 esnada deniz taban\u0131nda olu\u015fan buzlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde birikmektedir. Suyun a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuklu\u011fu ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu sebebiyle y\u00fcksek bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 olu\u015fur. Bu sayede, deniz taban\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015f gaz olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck buz kafeslerinde hapsolur. Deniz taban\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bulunan buzlar\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zordur. Hen\u00fcz \u00fcretimi teknik ve ekonomik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir ama \u00fcretimi uygulanabilir oldu\u011funda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enerji arz\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 beklenmektedir. D\u00fcnyadaki bilinen geleneksel fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan daha fazla bir rezerve sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00dclkemizde Karadeniz\u2019de \u00f6nemli rezervlerin oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr Gazlar\u0131 (Coalbed Methane):<\/strong>\u00a0K\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131nda bulunan konvansiyonel olmayan gaz t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme derecesi artt\u0131k\u00e7a, k\u00f6m\u00fcr tabakalar\u0131n tuttu\u011fu gaz miktar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r. Gaz a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla metan gaz\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr tabakas\u0131ndaki metan\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in, karbondioksit gaz\u0131 bas\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hem k\u00f6m\u00fcr tabakas\u0131na tutunma \u00f6zelli\u011fi daha fazla olan karbondioksit metan\u0131 serbest b\u0131rakarak k\u00f6m\u00fcre tutunup \u00fcretimi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r hem de k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada etkili bir sera gaz\u0131 olan karbondioksitin tecridi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde \u00f6zellikle Zonguldak ve Amasra civar\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr gazlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u0130ngilizce kaynaklarda kullan\u0131lan \u201cshale oil\u201d tabiri baz\u0131 kaynaklarda petrol \u015feylinden elde edilen sentetik petrol\u00fc tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r; baz\u0131 kaynaklarda ise \u015feyl tabakalar\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen ham petrol\u00fc tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda net bir ortak tan\u0131m olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kimi zaman bu terim yanl\u0131\u015f anlamalara sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

EMRE \u00d6ZG\u00dcR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petrol ve Do\u011falgaz Y\u00fcksek M\u00fchendisi<\/em><\/p>\n

E-posta: emreozgur@gmail.com<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet Adresi: www.emreozgur.com<\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. \u00dclkemizin, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sekt\u00f6rlerinden biri olan petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ne yaz\u0131k ki y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar ge\u00e7 ad\u0131m atmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, enerji kaynaklar\u0131 terminolojisinde ciddi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,44],"tags":[22119,22120,63,67,1009,2698,165,13079,168,2037,22121,22122,838],"views":2367,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37644"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37644"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37644\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37646,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37644\/revisions\/37646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37644"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37644"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}