{"id":34582,"date":"2014-12-18T12:38:53","date_gmt":"2014-12-18T09:38:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=34582"},"modified":"2014-12-18T12:38:53","modified_gmt":"2014-12-18T09:38:53","slug":"makale-petrol-cevre-iliskisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/makale-petrol-cevre-iliskisi\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Makale: Petrol \u00c7evre \u0130li\u015fkisi…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fcnyam\u0131z yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r yo\u011fun sanayile\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak h\u0131zla kirlenen do\u011fa nedeniyle acil durum sinyali vermektedir. \u00d6zellikle son 20 y\u0131lda yarat\u0131lan \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fiyle hava ve suda kritik de\u011ferlere yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>\u00a0Bu durum 1970\u2019lerden bug\u00fcne \u00e7evresel istatistikler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda takip edilmekle birlikte, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedefleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00e7evreyle ilgili reg\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n beraberinde getirmekte oldu\u011fu maliyetlerle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011finden \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme y\u00f6nelik etkin bir politika izlenememektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konuya petrol \u00e7evre ili\u015fkis\"petrol-cevre-iliskisi-23798297833\"<\/a>i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda iki boyutun \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlardan ilki fosil yak\u0131tlar ve petrole dayal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine etkisi, di\u011feri ise petrol arama, sondaj, ta\u015f\u0131ma, i\u015fleme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve kazalar sonucu olu\u015fan petrol s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirliliktir. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz son birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ise Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin ithal petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kaya petrol\u00fc ve kaya gaz\u0131 ile ikame etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 sonucunda bu \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin \u00e7evresel etkileri de yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7 konu aras\u0131nda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hedefler uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 i\u015fbirliklerinin ana konusunu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Belirlenen hedefler petrol\u00fcn kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131, i\u015flenme \u015fekli, son t\u00fcketici kullan\u0131m oran\u0131 ve \u00fcretim tesislerinin yeri gibi bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fc etkileyebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Petrol \u00fcretim noktalar\u0131ndaki olas\u0131 kazalar, \u00f6zellikle Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda planlanan petrol arama ve sondaj \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndeminde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu konu b\u00f6lgede yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 konseyler, sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve petrol \u015firketleri aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaya petrol\u00fc ve kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n ABD taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ise k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ekonomik yap\u0131da yarattt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn etkileri ile e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fi ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 kirletti\u011fi iddialar\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7evresel sorunlardan ve tart\u0131\u015fmalardan hareketle d\u00fcnyada \u201cYe\u015fil Ekonomi\u201dnin farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imleri politika belirleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dahil olmaktad\u0131r. Ye\u015fil Ekonomi fikrinin geli\u015fmesinde bir yanda sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 raporlar ve y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri kampanyalarla yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal bask\u0131yla akademisyenler ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut istatistiki veriler yer al\u0131rken di\u011fer yanda ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme hedeflerini de korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve \u015firketler yer almaktad\u0131r. Karbon Ticareti gibi fikirler de bu denge sa\u011flama \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak \u015firketlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ilgili literat\u00fcrden ve g\u00fcncel geli\u015fmelerden hareketle petrol \u00e7evre ili\u015fkisini anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yukar\u0131da belirtilen konulara tarihsel boyutunu da dikkate alarak k\u0131saca de\u011finilecektir.<\/p>\n

Petrole Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00c7evre Kirlili\u011finin Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Petrol nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kirlili\u011fi tesislerin i\u015fletme s\u00fcrecinde olu\u015fan kirlilik, kazalar ve son kullan\u0131c\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kirlilik olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bunlar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcreklilik arz etmekle birlikte kamuoyuna fazla yans\u0131mayan\u0131 tesislerin i\u015fletme s\u00fcrecinde olu\u015fan kirliliktir. T\u00fcrk Deniz Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131 (T\u00dcDAV) tesislerle ilgili kirlili\u011fi 5 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda ele almaktad\u0131r. Bunlar, petrol y\u00fckleme\/bo\u015faltma tesisleri, rafineriler, petrol \u00fcretim tesisleri ve petrol y\u00fckl\u00fc tankerlerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 trafik ve balast suyu bo\u015faltma nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle balast suyu bo\u015faltma nedeniyle bir denizden ba\u015fka bir denize ta\u015f\u0131nan canl\u0131lar\u0131n ekosisteme \u00f6nemli zararlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. T\u00dcDAV bu konuya ili\u015fkin olarak Karadeniz\u2019e yabanc\u0131 bir deniz canl\u0131s\u0131 olan \u201ctarakl\u0131 med\u00fcz\u201dun hamsi ve istavrite verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Petrol kaynakl\u0131 kirlilikte kazalar da \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Tanker kazalar\u0131 ve denizde petrol \u00fcretilen tesislerdeki kazalar\u0131n telafisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. \u00a01989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Exxon Valdez ad\u0131ndaki s\u00fcpertankerin Alaska\u2019da kayal\u0131klara \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan kaza ve 20 Nisan 2010\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Deepwater Horizon Petrol S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bunun \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n

Son kullan\u0131c\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kirlilik ise petrol \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan sanayi tesisleri, ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve petro-kimya \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan kirlili\u011fi kapsamaktad\u0131r. Petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirlili\u011fin bu boyutu daha \u00e7ok sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi alan\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Son kullan\u0131c\u0131 kaynakl\u0131 kirlilikte hidrokarbon yanma sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hava kirlili\u011fi ve bunun sonucu oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma konusu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Daniel Yergin, hidrokarbon yanman\u0131n olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cduman ve hava kirlili\u011fi, ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n yok olmas\u0131, asitli ya\u011fmur ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma\u201d olarak s\u0131ralamaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma olas\u0131 riskler aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ve kazalar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresel sorunlar dikkate al\u0131narak petrol\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirlili\u011fe ili\u015fkin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri getirilmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan biri petrol ve \u00fcretim i\u015fini tecrit etmektir ancak bunun uygulamas\u0131 \u00e7ok kolay de\u011fildir. Sanayide ve konutlarda fuel-oil\u2019dan do\u011falgaza ge\u00e7i\u015f de bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu a\u015famada do\u011falgaz\u0131n temel k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131 \u00fclkelerin birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011falgaz kullan\u0131m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nma y\u00f6ntemleri ve kaynaklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibariyle uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli riskleri beraberinde getirmektedir. Enerjinin korunmas\u0131 ve enerji verimlili\u011finin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da di\u011fer kirletici enerji kaynaklar\u0131 gibi petrol\u00fcn daha az t\u00fcketilmesine y\u00f6nelik bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan karbon ayak izi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli konulardan biri olan ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki benzin ve dizel t\u00fcketimine alternatif olarak \u201cye\u015fil benzin\u201din pazara s\u00fcr\u00fclme \u00e7abas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol \u00c7evre \u0130li\u015fkisinin Tarih\u00e7esi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Petrol \u00e7evre ili\u015fkisinin tarih\u00e7esini hem iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131yla\u00a0sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik uluslararas\u0131 toplant\u0131lar<\/em>\u00a0hem de uluslararas\u0131 yans\u0131malar\u0131 olan\u00a0b\u00fcy\u00fck kazalar<\/em>\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele almak uygun olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daniel Yergin, \u201cPetrol: Para ve G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Epik \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda eserin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar olan \u00e7evre hareketlerini \u00fc\u00e7 dalgada tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonu 70\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen birinci dalgan\u0131n temiz hava ve su odakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, ikinci dalgan\u0131n 70\u2019lerin sonunda n\u00fckleer g\u00fcc\u00fcn yava\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve durdurulmas\u0131na odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalgan\u0131n ise 80\u2019lerde ba\u015flay\u0131p 90\u2019larda devam eden ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fckenmesi, at\u0131klar\u0131n yok edilmesi gibi konularda k\u00fcresel bir hareket olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00f6m\u00fcrden mazota ge\u00e7i\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde hem konutlarda hem de sanayide petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ekonomik refah ile \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki denge bu d\u00f6nemde Petrol Krizi ile beraber \u00e7evresel hareketlerin aleyhine bozulmu\u015f ve \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131 konusu \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ana kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan karbon emisyonu oranlar\u0131 ise ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan Charles David Keeling\u2019in 1958\u2019de Hawai\u2019de Mauna Loa Volkan\u0131\u2019nda denizden 3000 m. y\u00fckseklikte kurdu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleme istasyonu sayesinde takip edilmi\u015ftir. Keeling E\u011frisi\u2019nin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler do\u011frultusunda 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda raporlanan risk de\u011ferleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin bug\u00fcn uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerin temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Keeling E\u011frisi\u2019ne g\u00f6re 1958\u2019de 315 ppm olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen CO2\u00a0de\u011feri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 400 ppm civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 toplant\u0131larla iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olan Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)\u2019in kurulu\u015fu 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya Meteoroloji \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Kalk\u0131nma Program\u0131 (UNDP) katk\u0131lar\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bir araya geldi\u011fi bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yap\u0131lanma iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile ilgili olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 politikalar\u0131n belirlenme s\u00fcrecinde kilit rol oynamaktad\u0131r. IPCC 1988\u2019den 1992 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri bir araya getirerek\u00a0 Rio Konferans\u0131\u2019nda sunulacak raporlar\u0131, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kabul g\u00f6re politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren belgeleri haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IPCC\u2019nin 5. De\u011ferlendirme Raporu Aral\u0131k 2015\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek Paris Konferans\u0131\u2019na temel te\u015fkil etmek \u00fczere 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1992 Rio Konferans\u0131 karbon emisyonunun h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin politikalar\u0131yla azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u00a0kararlar\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk uluslararas\u0131 toplant\u0131d\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin de bask\u0131s\u0131yla bu toplant\u0131da karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili kararl\u0131l\u0131k belirtilmekle birlikte herhangi bir hedef konulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu toplant\u0131 ile BM \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi devreye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Karbon emisyonunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili hedefler Rio Konferans\u0131\u2019ndan 5 y\u0131l sonra 1997\u2019de Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn imzalanmas\u0131yla belirlenmi\u015ftir. 16 \u015eubat 2005\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren protokol geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere 2008-2012 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1990 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re karbon emisyonunda % 5 azalma hedefi koyarken geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ise GSMH\u2019daki her % 10\u2019luk art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in % 1,4 azaltma hedefi \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Bu hedef 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cancun Konferans\u0131\u2019nda % 1,6\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye gibi geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler \u00e7evresel maliyetlerin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi nedeniyle Kyoto\u2019ya uzun s\u00fcre \u00e7ekince ile yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc 7 \u015eubat 2009\u2019da onaylam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte gerekli siyasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini yapmamak ve yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmemekle ele\u015ftirilmektedir. Harward \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Jeffrey Frankel,\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2005\u2019e g\u00f6re 2020\u2019de % 20 daha fazla karbon emisyonu \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesinin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r.\u201d Burada sorun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak k\u00f6m\u00fcr te\u015fvik politikas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte giderek artan ara\u00e7 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirlik de \u00f6nemli bir paya sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\"Ekran<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Johannesbourg Konferans\u0131, Rio Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir de\u011ferlendirmesi niteli\u011findedir. \u00d6nemli kararlar\u0131n al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu toplant\u0131da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni olarak ABD\u2019nin karar \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki siyasi tutumu g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn son bulmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u00fcre\u00e7te h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin nas\u0131l bir politika izleyecekleri konusunda belirsizli\u011fin 2015 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek Paris Konferans\u0131 ile son bulmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Paris Konferans\u0131 IPCC\u2019nin 5. De\u011ferlendirme Raporu\u2019nun bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yacak olmakla birlikte h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin ve uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n 2020 stratejileri de al\u0131nacak kararlarda belirleyici rol oynayacakt\u0131r. Petrol \u015firketlerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve \u00e7evre stratejilerinde bu kararlar\u0131 esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde al\u0131nacak olan kararlar petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da belirleyici olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihte \u00d6nemli Kazalar<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fcnya tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre kazas\u0131 1986 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda Ukrayna\u2019da meydana gelen\u00a0\u00c7ernobil N\u00fckleer Felaketi\u2019<\/strong>dir. \u00c7ernobil bir n\u00fckleer santral kazas\u0131 olmakla birlikte d\u00fcnyada enerji \u00fcretim tesislerinin yaratabilece\u011fi \u00e7evresel tehditlerle ilgili bir fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol kazalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli say\u0131lan olaylardan biri 24 Mart 1989 tarihinde\u00a0Exxon Valdez<\/strong>\u00a0ad\u0131ndaki s\u00fcpertankerin Alaska\u2019n\u0131n Prens Willian Gacud b\u00f6lgesinde Bligh Reef kayal\u0131klar\u0131na \u00e7arpmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kaza sonucu denize 140.000 varil petrol akm\u0131\u015f ve sular\u0131 temizlemek i\u00e7in 2 milyon dolar harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak bu zarar\u0131 telafi etmeye yetmemi\u015f ve sular\u0131n aradan ge\u00e7en 25 y\u0131la kar\u015f\u0131n tam olarak ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ekosistemin eski haline d\u00f6nmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol kazas\u0131 ise Meksika K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen\u00a0Deepwater Horizon Petrol S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>\u2019d\u0131r. Bu kaza sonucunda ilk a\u015famada 11 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kan yang\u0131n 36 saat sonra s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmi\u015ftir. Kuyu kapat\u0131lana kadar \u00e7evreye yakla\u015f\u0131k 4,9 milyon varil petrol yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kazan\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge do\u011fal ekolojik alan\u0131 olan, koruma alt\u0131ndaki Kemp\u2019s Ridley kamplumba\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n kitleler halinde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kazan\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne bir\u00e7ok deniz canl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Kazan\u0131n etkisi Meksika K\u00f6rfezi\u2019yle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, Louisiana ve Mississipi Deltas\u0131\u2019nda da bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve turizm b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

BP 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re \u015firket b\u00f6lgedeki zarar\u0131n tazmini, gerekli ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sular\u0131n temizlenmesine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in toplam 20 milyar $ b\u00fct\u00e7e ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar bu b\u00fct\u00e7enin 13 milyar $\u2019\u0131 harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ulusal Okyanus ve Atmosfer \u0130daresi (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) BP\u2019ye verilecek cezalar\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 referans g\u00f6steren \u00e7evreciler Keystone Boru Hatt\u0131\u2019na itiraz etmektedir.\u00a0<\/strong>Burada \u00f6nemli olan bir husus da meydana gelen \u00f6nemli kazalar\u0131n yeni yap\u0131lacak petrol \u00fcretim faaliyetlerine \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden biri Shell\u2019in Kuzey Kutbu\u2019nda yapmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol arama ve sondaj \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Bo\u011fazlarda iki \u00f6nemli petrol kazas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda 93.000 ton petrol ta\u015f\u0131yan Independenta ile kuru y\u00fck gemisi Evrialy \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tam g\u00fcneyinde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda Independenta ate\u015f alm\u0131\u015f ve ate\u015f Evrialy\u2019e s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kazada Independenta\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcrettebat\u0131ndan 42 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve gemi yanmaya devam ederek sahile s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir. Gemi b\u00fcy\u00fck ekolojik zarara sebep vererek haftalarca yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 94.000 ton petrol\u00fcn 30.000 tonu yanarken kalan\u0131 denize yay\u0131lm\u015f ve 5.5 km\u2019lik bir alan yo\u011fun kirlenme etkisine girmi\u015ftir. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, bir\u00e7ok deniz canl\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve midye ve istiridye alanlar\u0131 petrolle kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise \u0130stanbul bo\u011fas\u0131nda Nassia kazas\u0131 meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Kaza, 29 denizcinin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 20.000 ton petrol\u00fcn bo\u011faza yay\u0131lmas\u0131 su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri stoklar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe vurulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gerek Exxon Valley gerekse Deepwater Horizon \u00f6rneklerinde yap\u0131lan temizlik ve rehabilitasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ekosistemin eski haline d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemedi\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr kazalar\u0131n orta ve uzun vadede hem \u00e7evreye hem de \u015firketlere b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan petrol \u015firketlerinin bu konuya \u00f6nem vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015firketlerin belirledikleri ve kamuoyuyla payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr kazalar\u0131n di\u011fer bir olumlu y\u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nan dersler sonucunda yap\u0131lan yeni yasal d\u00fczenlemelerdir. 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda zararl\u0131 at\u0131k i\u00e7eren kazalar i\u00e7in MAPROL tutana\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda petrol kirlili\u011fini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in kurtarma gemilerine s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tazminat h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilm\u00fc\u015ftir. Exxon Valdez kazas\u0131 sonras\u0131 ABD Petrol Kirlili\u011fi Kanunu (OPA 90) \u00e7ift cidarl\u0131 tankerler ve di\u011fer zorunlu kirlilik \u00f6nleyici gereksinimler i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Payda\u015flar\u0131n Petrol \u00c7evre \u0130li\u015fkilerine Bak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Petrol \u00e7evre ili\u015fkisinin payda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, petrol \u015firketleri ve sivil toplum olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda herbirinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n birbiriyle ili\u015fkilerini \u015fu \u015fekilde inceleyebiliriz:<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin politikalar\u0131 yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca bahsetti\u011fimiz uluslararas\u0131 kararlara paralel olarak karbon vergisi, yenilebilir enerji ve emisyon azaltma hedefleri \u00fczerine \u015fekillenmektedir. \u015eirketlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131na m\u00fcdahil olma arac\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen karbon ticaretinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olan karbon vergisi ilerici bir \u00e7evre politikas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken Temmuz 2014\u2019te Avustralya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti karbon vergisi ile ilgili yasay\u0131 iptal ederek uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunda b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avustralya H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin gerek\u00e7esinin vergi nedeniyle enerji fiyatlar\u0131ndaki y\u00fckselme oldu\u011fu ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yenilenebilir enerji te\u015fvikleri ve enerji verimlili\u011fi ile ilgili uygulamalar\u0131 desteklemeye karar verdi\u011fi dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa bu s\u00fcreci yak\u0131n zamanda ba\u015fka h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin de g\u00fcndeme getirmesinin olas\u0131l\u0131k dahilinde oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Yenilenebilir enerji h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan karbon emisyonunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp desteklenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da \u0130spanya \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi yine y\u00fckselen enerji faturalar\u0131 nedeniyle bu te\u015fvikleri d\u00fczenleyen kanunlar\u0131 iptal eden h\u00fck\u00fcmetler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu iki politika ekseninde ekonomi \u00e7evre ili\u015fkileri dengesinin kurulma s\u00fcrecinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin deneme yan\u0131lma a\u015famas\u0131nda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Emisyon azaltma hedefleri ise 2020 stratejisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmekte olup uluslararas\u0131 kararlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Paris Konferans\u0131\u2019nda al\u0131nmas\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Petrol \u015firketlerinin \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise biodizel katk\u0131l\u0131 yak\u0131tlar\u0131n piyasaya sunulmas\u0131, artan talebe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak do\u011falgaz \u00fcretiminde ve altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda art\u0131 \u015fve \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet kararlar\u0131 ve sivil toplumun tepkileri etraf\u0131nda \u015feklllendirilmesi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00fcreticiler petrol bazl\u0131 dizel ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan biodizelin karbondioksit emisyonunu % 80\u2019e kadar azaltabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Petrol \u015firketleri ayr\u0131ca yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden \u00e7evreye ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin daha az oldu\u011fu az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere kayd\u0131rma e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n

Sivil toplum taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve kampanya faaliyetlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile ilgili tepkilerin yan\u0131s\u0131ra Kuzey Kutbu\u2019ndaki petrol arama ve sondaj \u00e7al\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131n ve kaya petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evresel etkilerine ili\u015fkin bilin\u00e7lendirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Burada bahsedilebilecek iki \u00f6nemli kampanya Save the Arctic ve Greenpeace\u2019in Shell\u2019in Lego ile anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yergin bu \u00fc\u00e7 payda\u015f aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma nedeni olan temel fakt\u00f6rleri \u00e7evre ile ilgili omuzlanan risklerin ne noktaya kadar uzanaca\u011f\u0131, bu risklere nas\u0131l \u00e7are bulunaca\u011f\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi maliyetlerin \u015firketler, t\u00fcketiciler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 nas\u0131l b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclece\u011fi konusunda oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle bir\u00e7ok alanda karar al\u0131namamas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda bu alandaki belirsizlik veya y\u00fcksek maliyetleri kimsenin \u00fcstlenmek istememesi gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u015famada ekonomik refah ile \u00e7evre aras\u0131ndaki dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 kilit nokta olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0\u00dclkeler g\u00fcvence ve ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evre de\u011ferlerinin korunmas\u0131 konusunu tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle \u00fclkeler bug\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in gerekli ekonomik kararlar\u0131 al\u0131rken gelecek nesillere b\u0131rak\u0131lacak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015fanamaz hale getirilmemesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 Yerine<\/strong><\/h3>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma konusu uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin \u00f6nemli bir boyutu haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00dclkelerin birbirleri \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc olmamakla birlikte mevcut durumun ciddiyeti kendi \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetmek kayd\u0131yla taraflar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortakla\u015fa hareket etmeye y\u00f6nlendirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Mevcut sorunlara ek olarak d\u00fcnyadaki enerji arz ve talep dengelerini de\u011fi\u015ftiren kaya petrol\u00fc ve kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n Amerika\u2019da yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ve sera gaz\u0131 emisyonuna olumsuz etkileriyle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya konulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fransa gibi kaya gaz\u0131 ve kaya petrol\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 yasaklayan \u00fclkeler oldu\u011fu gibi Amerika\u2019daki geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6zlemleyerek kontroll\u00fc hareket etmeyi tercih eden \u00fclkeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sera gaz\u0131 emisyonunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili hedeflerde uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirliklerinin gelece\u011fi ve ABD\u2019de yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flayan ve d\u00fcnya genelinde \u00fcretimi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan kaya gaz\u0131 ve kaya petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evresel etkileri \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda petrol \u00e7evre ili\u015fkilerinin ana eksenini olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetler d\u00fczeyindeki bu politika belirleme s\u00fcrecinin yan\u0131nda petrol kazalar\u0131 sonucu meydana gelen s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n etkilerinin geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez oldu\u011fu, \u00e7evresel zararlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek b\u00fct\u00e7elerle bile ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te g\u00f6zlemlenen olumlu geli\u015fme petrol \u015firketlerinin kazalar\u0131 \u00f6nleyici \u00f6nlemlere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlardaki art\u0131\u015f ve zararlar\u0131n telafisine y\u00f6nelik olarak yapmakta olduklar\u0131 kurumsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Burada h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin yapmakta oldu\u011fu yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 belirleyici rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0Ebru Anse Sile<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Kaynak: Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Giri\u015f D\u00fcnyam\u0131z yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r yo\u011fun sanayile\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak h\u0131zla kirlenen do\u011fa nedeniyle acil durum sinyali vermektedir. \u00d6zellikle son 20 y\u0131lda yarat\u0131lan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34583,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,44],"tags":[20253,1800,3344,168,2037,20254,81,20255,20256,3252,20257,20258,442,20259],"views":1836,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34582"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34582"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34582\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34584,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34582\/revisions\/34584"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}