{"id":2756,"date":"2012-10-11T08:30:25","date_gmt":"2012-10-11T05:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=2756"},"modified":"2012-10-11T09:39:08","modified_gmt":"2012-10-11T06:39:08","slug":"gdolu-benzin-uretildi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/gdolu-benzin-uretildi\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) GDO\u2019lu Benzin \u00dcretildi!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f Organizma (GDO), karbondioksiti veya at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u2018benzin uyumlu\u2019 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, m\u00fctevaz\u0131 toprak bakterisi Ralstonia eutropha\u2019n\u0131n genleriyle oynayarak, ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilecek yak\u0131t \u00fcrettiler.<\/h4>\n

Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (MIT) Haber B\u00fcrosu\u2019ndan David L. Chandler\u2019in haberine g\u00f6re; MIT ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, \u201cstres alt\u0131ndayken\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda karbon bile\u015fi\u011fi \u00fcretti\u011fi bilinen Ralstonia eutropha\u2019n\u0131n, bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun yak\u0131t \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek \u00f6nemli\u00a0 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya imza att\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\"\"Ralstonia eutropha, stres alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu zamanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi durdurup, t\u00fcm enerjisini karma\u015f\u0131k karbon bile\u015fikleri \u00fcretmede kullan\u0131yordu. MIT Biyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Christopher Brigham y\u00f6netiminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ekip, mikrobun genleriyle oynayarak onu izobutanol adl\u0131, \u201cdo\u011frudan benzin yerine\u201d ya da \u201cbenzinle harmanlanarak\u201d kullan\u0131lan bir yak\u0131t (bir t\u00fcr alkol) \u00fcretmeye y\u00f6nlendirdi. Christopher Brigham ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, \u015fu s\u0131ralar karbon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak karbondioksit ak\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yararlanacak (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da emisyonsuz yak\u0131t elde etmede kullan\u0131labilecek) bir organizma geli\u015ftirme u\u011fra\u015f\u0131nda. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Uygulamal\u0131 Biyoteknoloji ve Mikrobiyoloji) dergisinde yay\u0131mlanan makalede ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n kritik noktalar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleniyor: \u201cRalstonia eutropha bakterisi do\u011fal ortam\u0131nda nitrat ya da fosfat gibi do\u011fal besin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hisseder hissetmez\u00a0 \u2018ileride g\u0131da olarak kullanmak \u00fczere\u2019 karbon depolama moduna ge\u00e7iyor. Karbon i\u00e7eren ne varsa al\u0131p, bunu petrol bazl\u0131 plastiklerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu ile benzer \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren polimer \u015feklinde depoluyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Plastik yerine yak\u0131t \u00fcretimini<\/h3>\n

Brigham ve ekibi birka\u00e7 geni etkisiz hale getirip, di\u011fer baz\u0131 genlerin yap\u0131s\u0131yla oynayarak, ba\u015fka bir organizmaya ait bir geni de ilave ederek, mikrobu \u2018plastik\u2019 (polimer) yerine \u2018yak\u0131t\u2019 \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nlendirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Ekip, karbon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak karbondioksit kullanan mikrop elde etmeye odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, belli belirsiz de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle ayn\u0131 mikrobun tar\u0131msal ve kentsel at\u0131klar dahil ba\u015fka karbon kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 da yak\u0131ta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme potansiyeline sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. (Ralstonia eutropha, MIT\u2019deki laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda karbon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak fruktoz kullan\u0131yor\u2026)<\/p>\n

Mikrobun genlerini karbonu \u2018izobutanol\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek \u015fekilde modifiye etmeyi ba\u015faran ekibin y\u00f6neticisi Brigham, y\u00f6ntemin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle vurguluyor: \u201cMikrobu uygun \u015fartlarda kesintisiz olarak \u00fcreterek az\u0131msanmayacak miktarda izobutanol elde edilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015f olduk.\u201d Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u015fimdi sistemi en iyi \u015fekle getirerek, izobutanol \u00fcretim h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya, bir yandan da i\u015flemi end\u00fcstriyel boyuta ta\u015f\u0131yacak biyo-reakt\u00f6rleri geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Mikrobun arzulanan kimyasal\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde \u00fcretti\u011fi, ancak bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc almak i\u00e7in mikrobu imha etmek gereken biyom\u00fchendislik sistemlerinin aksine, Ralstonia eutropha bakterisi \u2018izobutanol\u2019\u00fc son derece do\u011fal bir \u015fekilde kendini \u00e7evreleyen s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7ine b\u0131rak\u0131veriyor. Bu s\u0131v\u0131 aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcz\u00fclerek \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin kesintisiz s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fini ifade eden Brigham, \u201cIzobutanol\u00fc h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na almak i\u00e7in bir ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemi eklemek zorunda kalmad\u0131k\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

MIT Biyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nden bilim adamlar\u0131, karbonu so\u011furup depolamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an polimer yerine \u2018kullan\u0131labilir yak\u0131t\u2019 \u00fcretmesi i\u00e7in bakteriyi manip\u00fcle ettiler ve bu y\u00f6ntemin, bakteri hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. Bakterinin \u00fcretti\u011fi izobutanol, ta\u015f\u0131tlarda benzinin yerine yak\u0131t olarak do\u011frudan kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi gibi, daha temiz yanmal\u0131 bir yak\u0131t elde etmek i\u00e7in benzinle harmanlanarak da kullan\u0131labiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130zobutanol\u00fcn pop\u00fclaritesi y\u00fcksek<\/h3>\n

Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131, – ba\u015fka GDO\u2019lardan da yararlanarak – \u00e7e\u015fitli metabolik y\u00f6ntemlerle izobutanol \u00fcretme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. En az iki \u015firket \u2018izobutanol\u2019\u00fc yak\u0131t, yak\u0131t katk\u0131s\u0131 veya kimyasal \u00fcretim hammaddesi olarak \u00fcretme konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara h\u0131z vermi\u015f durumda. \u00d6nerilen baz\u0131 biyoyak\u0131tlar\u0131n aksine izobutanol, mevcut ara\u00e7lar\u0131n motorlar\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerekmeden, ya da \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fiklikle kullan\u0131labiliyor. Baz\u0131 yar\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda zaten kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 da belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n

Massachusetts \u00dcniversitesi Biyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi, Yrd. Do\u00e7ent Mark Silby, izobutanol \u00fcretim y\u00f6nteminin m\u0131s\u0131rdan etanol \u00fcretimi konusunda da farkl\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 akla getirdi\u011fini belirterek, \u201cBakteriyel sistemler geli\u015fmeye olanak veren yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Fabrika benzeri bir ortamda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretimine olanak sa\u011flamalar\u0131, teorik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.\u201d diyor ve ekliyor: \u201c\u00d6zel olarak bu sistem (izobutanol \u00fcretimi) ise, karbonu at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden veya karbondioksitten elde etme potansiyeli nedeniyle, g\u0131da tedariki konusuyla rekabet halinde olmayacak. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da son derece \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor\u2026\u201d\u00a0 Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc bu projeyi Amerikan Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130leri Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n finansman deste\u011fiyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130zobutanol, alternatif enerji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u015fu s\u0131ralar hayli pop\u00fcler bir yak\u0131t. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerinde de bilim adamlar\u0131, biyolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden yararlanarak izobutanol elde etmek i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor. Di\u011fer biyoyak\u0131tlardan farkl\u0131 olarak izobutanol, mevcut ara\u00e7 motorlar\u0131nda herhangi bir \u201cince ayar\u201d gerektirmeksizin kullan\u0131labiliyor. Bu durum da onu, zorlu yak\u0131t verimlili\u011fi standartlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00fcmit vaat eden yak\u0131tlar aras\u0131na sokuyor.\u00dcreme a\u015famas\u0131nda bir grup Ralstonia eutropha\u00a0bakterisi. Bu bakteriler do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131nda \u2013resimde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u2013 karbonu kendilerini ku\u015fatan bir t\u00fcr biyoplasti\u011fe (h\u00fccre zar\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fclen a\u00e7\u0131k renkli noktac\u0131klara) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor. MIT\u2019de geli\u015ftirilen genete\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f bakteri ise biyoplastik yerine izobutanol yak\u0131t \u00fcretiyor ve bunu kendisini \u00e7evreleyen, kolayl\u0131kla toplanabilece\u011fi eriyik ortama b\u0131rak\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: EnerjiGazetesi<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f Organizma (GDO), karbondioksiti veya at\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u2018benzin uyumlu\u2019 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yak\u0131t\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, m\u00fctevaz\u0131 toprak bakterisi Ralstonia eutropha\u2019n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,44],"tags":[762,758,759,760,761],"views":1722,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2756"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2756"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2759,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2756\/revisions\/2759"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}