{"id":27195,"date":"2014-06-01T18:33:19","date_gmt":"2014-06-01T15:33:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=27195"},"modified":"2014-06-01T18:35:39","modified_gmt":"2014-06-01T15:35:39","slug":"makale-havalandirma-sistemlerinde-enerji-verimliligi-klima-santralleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/makale-havalandirma-sistemlerinde-enerji-verimliligi-klima-santralleri\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Havaland\u0131rma Sistemlerinde Enerji Verimlili\u011fi \/ Klima Santralleri…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Ye\u015fil veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir binalarda LEED ve BREEAM s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6n \u015fartlardan birisi havaland\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedeni iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan ve temiz ortamlarda insanlar\u0131n daha huzurlu, konforlu ve \u00fcretken olduklar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle LEED, ASHRAE 61.1 Standard\u0131ndaki minimum hava debilerinin en az % 30 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ko\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/div>\n
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Havaland\u0131rma mekanik veya do\u011fal olarak iki \u015fekilde yap\u0131labilir. Is\u0131l ve konfor \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00dclkemizin bir\u00e7ok yerinde do\u011fal havaland\u0131rma k\"\"<\/a>esin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fildir, ancak mekanik havaland\u0131rmada enerji tasarrufuna destek sa\u011flayabilir. Bu nedenle konfor ve miktar olarak gereksinimleri tam olarak yerine getirebilen sistemler mekanik havaland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Is\u0131tma ve so\u011futma mevsimsel olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde havaland\u0131rma t\u00fcm y\u0131l boyunca yap\u0131lmak durumundad\u0131r. Hem hava debilerinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hem de t\u00fcm y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fu, havaland\u0131rma sistemlerinde enerji tasarrufuna azami dikkat etmek gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu yaz\u0131 ve bunu takip edecek baz\u0131 yaz\u0131larda bu konudaki enerji verimlili\u011fi incelenecektir.<\/div>\n
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1. Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/div>\n
Konforun tam olarak sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bir zorunluluktur. Bu ko\u015fulu sa\u011flamak kayd\u0131 ile havaland\u0131rma sistemleri verimli bi\u00e7imde kurulup i\u015fletilmelidir. Havaland\u0131rma sistemi bile\u015fenleri; hava kanallar\u0131, kanallar \u00fczerindeki menfez, damper, susturucu vb. ile klima santralinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Verimli bir havaland\u0131rma sisteminde her bir bile\u015fenin \u00f6nemi vard\u0131r. Burada verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken ba\u015fl\u0131ca konular;<\/div>\n
a.\u00a0Klima santrali,<\/div>\n
b.\u00a0Fanlar,<\/div>\n
c.\u00a0Filtreler,<\/div>\n
d.\u00a0Is\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m sistemleri,<\/div>\n
e.\u00a0Talep esasl\u0131 havaland\u0131rma (Demand Controlled Ventilation \u2013DCV)<\/div>\n
f.\u00a0Hava kanallar\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve balanslanmas\u0131,<\/div>\n
g.\u00a0Kazanlar, chillerler ve \u0131s\u0131 pompalar\u0131,<\/div>\n
h.\u00a0Pompalar ve hidronik sistemler,<\/div>\n
i.\u00a0Elektrik motorlar\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fken devirli sistemler,<\/div>\n
\u015eeklinde \u00f6zetlenebilir. Bu yaz\u0131 ile birlikte yukar\u0131daki s\u0131ra ile bu sistemlerdeki enerji verimlili\u011fi incelenecektir. Her ne kadar mekanik tesisat konusu olsa bile verimlilik ye\u015fil bina s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ilgili okuyucular\u0131n ilgi alan\u0131na girece\u011fini umuyoruz.<\/div>\n
Di\u011fer yandan sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gereken i\u00e7 \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgiler daha \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131larda verilmi\u015fti. \u0130lave bilgiler ASHRAE Standart 62.1\u2019den ve ASHRAE Standart 90.1\u2019den ve REHVA Yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan vb. edinilebilir.<\/div>\n
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2. Klima Santralleri<\/div>\n
2.1. Genel<\/div>\n
Havaland\u0131rma sistemlerinde en \u00f6nemli enerji t\u00fcketen bile\u015fen klima santralleridir. Bu cihazlar, mahallere verilecek havan\u0131n ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 (\u0131s\u0131tma, so\u011futma, nemlendirme, nem al\u0131ma, filtreleme vb.) \u00a0ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirler. Klima santrali i\u00e7indeki fanlar kanallardaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda santral i\u00e7i kay\u0131plar\u0131 da yenecek kapasitede olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fanlardaki enerji t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in klima santrali se\u00e7im prosesine \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir. Genel olarak klima santrallerinde enerjinin verimli kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Klima santrallerinde al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 1.5 m\/s\u2019nin alt\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Ofis tipi bir klima santralinde toplam bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayb\u0131n\u0131n 250 Pa civar\u0131nda olmas\u0131na gayret edilmelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Klima santralleri EUROVENT A Class se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc seviyesinin kontrol edilmesi gerekir. \u00d6zellikle s\u00f6n\u00fcmlemesi en zor olan 250 Hz de\u011feri kontrol edilmelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Fanlarda spesifik enerji t\u00fcketimi 1.3 kW\/(m3\/s) de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Verimlili\u011fi e\u015fit olan iki fandan oktav band\u0131 250 Hz alt\u0131nda olan\u0131 se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Klima santrali i\u00e7inde kontrols\u00fcz yo\u011fu\u015fmaya meydan verilmemelidir.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Taze hava emi\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda kar ve ya\u011fmurun giri\u015fine engel olunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0Taze hava al\u0131\u015f ve egzos at\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 ku\u015f, sinek vb. giri\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 tel kafesi ile donat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
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2.2. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Al\u0131n H\u0131z\u0131<\/strong><\/div>\n
Verimli bir klima santrali konfig\u00fcrasyonu olu\u015fturmada ilk ad\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 se\u00e7mektir. Bu, ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetini art\u0131rmakla birlikte \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu maliyette \u00f6nemli tasarruflar sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Geleneksel klima santrallerinde al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 2-3 m\/s aras\u0131nda al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu, santral i\u00e7inde 1000 Pa veya daha fazla bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayb\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. \u015eekil 1\u2019de ofis binalar\u0131nda fanlarda \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu maliyet bile\u015fenleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/div>\n
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Fakat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, enerji verimlili\u011finin gereklili\u011finin fark\u0131nda olan m\u00fchendisler santralde al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 1.5 m\/s alt\u0131nda ve toplam bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayb\u0131 250 Pa veya daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck se\u00e7melidir. Tablo 1, al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak spesifik santral i\u00e7i bile\u015fenlerdeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri verilmektedir. Tablo Standard EN 13779; 2007\u2019ye dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130yi bir klima santralinde spesifik fan g\u00fcc\u00fc (SFP \u2013 Spesific Fan Power) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 1.3 kW\/(m3\/s) civar\u0131nda tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n
E\u011fer ihale dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131nda al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda bir de\u011fer yoksa, Y\u00fcklenici, do\u011fal olarak en ucuz (al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 en y\u00fcksek- EUROVENT F,G) klima santralini tercih edecektir. Bu, i\u015fletme maliyetlerinin dikkate al\u0131nmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu durum ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m bedeli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayb\u0131 y\u00fcksek bir klima santrali demektir. Bu durumdan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 se\u00e7ilerek ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131labilir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 tesisat dairesinde daha fazla yer ihtiyac\u0131 gerektirir. Ancak \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu maliyeti, CO2 emisyonlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130yi bir tasar\u0131mla geleneksel tasar\u0131m fark\u0131 tablo 1\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/div>\n
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3. Eurovent Sertifikasyonu Ve Enerji Verimlili\u011fi S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131<\/strong><\/div>\n
Eurovent Sertifikasyon sistemi, \u00fcretilen ve montaj\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir sertifikasyon sistemidir. Bu sistem m\u00fchendisler, \u00fcreticiler, tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar, dan\u0131\u015fmanlar i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilebilir bir sertifikasyon markas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sertifikay\u0131 alan \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u015eekil 2.\u2019deki \u00fcr\u00fcn performans logosunu kullan\u0131rlar.<\/div>\n
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Bu sertifikasyon sistemi klima santralleri ve filtreler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da kategoriden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Klima santrallerinin mekanik \u00f6zellikleri prEN 1886:1997 standard\u0131 ve prEN 13053:1999 standard\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu k\u0131s\u0131m g\u00f6vde mukavemeti, g\u00f6vdedeki hava ka\u00e7aklar\u0131, filtrelerdeki bypass ka\u00e7aklar\u0131, g\u00f6vdeden olan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 k\u00f6pr\u00fcleri ve g\u00f6vdenin akustik yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Sertifikasyon ayr\u0131ca santralin hava debisi, fan\u0131n statik bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve elektrik t\u00fcketimi, kanal i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn oktav band\u0131, g\u00f6vdeden yay\u0131lan g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc, \u0131s\u0131tma ve so\u011futma kapasitesi, \u0131s\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m, su ve hava taraf\u0131ndaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 kay\u0131plar\u0131 gibi performans \u00f6zelliklerini de kapsamaktad\u0131r. Test edilen santrallar\u0131n enerji performanslar\u0131 da belirlenmektedir. Test sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re santral, enerji s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 etiketi almaktad\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Bu sertifikasyon tasar\u0131mc\u0131 ve dan\u0131\u015fmanlar i\u00e7in enerji verimli santral se\u00e7iminde kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Burada A\u2019dan E\u2019ye kadar 5 enerji verimlili\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. E en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki etiketteki F ve G art\u0131k dikkate al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. Etiket filtre k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131, di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 kay\u0131plar\u0131 ile standartlardaki di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re verilmektedir. E\u2019den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan s\u0131n\u0131flarda herhangi bir alt limiti yoktur. A\u2019dan E\u2019ye kadar olan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmadaki teknik \u00f6zellikler Tablo 2\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/div>\n
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4. \u00d6m\u00fcr Boyu Maliyet Esasl\u0131 Santral Se\u00e7imi<\/strong><\/div>\n
Di\u011fer sistemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi klima santralleri de genel olarak ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m tutar\u0131na bak\u0131larak se\u00e7ilmektedir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck santrallerde (d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131) al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla enerji t\u00fcketimi y\u00fcksektir, buna kar\u015f\u0131n ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m bedeli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek Class santrallerde ise al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 ve enerji t\u00fcketimi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti daha y\u00fcksektir. Klima santrallerinde kullan\u0131lan fanlarda enerji t\u00fcketimi s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 SFP tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 ile sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. SFP de\u011ferinin 1.3 civar\u0131nda veya en fazla 2\u2019nin alt\u0131nda kW\/(m3\/s) olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu durum tasar\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck al\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131nda santral se\u00e7meye zorlamaktad\u0131r. Bu ise santrallerin klima santralleri \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu maliyete (Life Cycle Cost \u2013 LCC) se\u00e7ilmesini gerektirmektedir.<\/div>\n
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5. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/div>\n
Y\u00fcksek Class klima santrallerinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin class A, B) \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu maliyet daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00d6te yandan LEED sertifikasyonu, enerji verimlili\u011fi i\u00e7in fosil tabanl\u0131 enerji t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015ftu\u011fundan Class A ve B tipi santraller LEED sertifikasyonu i\u00e7in de bir gerekliliktir. Bu nedenle tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n EUROVENT A veya enve SFP<2 olmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermesi yararl\u0131 olur. Ayr\u0131ca i\u015fletmede de gerekli \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir. Modern santraller, cihaz i\u00e7i s\u0131cakl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7, nem vb. sens\u00f6rlerle donat\u0131l\u0131p Bina Otomasyon Sistemine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda i\u015fletme ve bak\u0131m personelinin daha iyi kontrol yapabilmesi i\u00e7in lokal izlenebilir sens\u00f6rlerin de kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yararl\u0131 olur.<\/div>\n
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Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/div>\n
[1Brelih, N., Seppanen O., vd.,2013, \u201cDesign of energy efficient ventilation and air conditioning system\u201d, Romania.<\/div>\n
[2]Wahlstr\u00f6m, A, \u201cIs it possible to achieve zero energy demand while rebuilding mult\u0131-dwelling buildings?\u201d, Rehva Journal, August 2011.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Yazan:<\/strong> Dr. \u0130brahim \u00c7akmanus \/ \u00c7akmanus M\u00fchendislik Enerji San. ve Tic. Ltd. \u015eti.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Kaynak:<\/strong> Ye\u015fil Bina<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Ye\u015fil veya s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir binalarda LEED ve BREEAM s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6n \u015fartlardan birisi havaland\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedeni iyi havaland\u0131r\u0131lan ve temiz ortamlarda insanlar\u0131n daha […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27196,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53,52],"tags":[2352,15443,15442,63,67,1009,165,12,15440,15441,790,2767,793,55],"views":1709,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27195"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27195"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27200,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27195\/revisions\/27200"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}