{"id":25047,"date":"2014-04-08T10:01:12","date_gmt":"2014-04-08T07:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=25047"},"modified":"2014-04-08T10:01:42","modified_gmt":"2014-04-08T07:01:42","slug":"kaya-gazi-uretimi-her-ulkede-uygulanabilir-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/kaya-gazi-uretimi-her-ulkede-uygulanabilir-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Kaya Gaz\u0131 \u00dcretimi Her \u00dclkede Uygulanabilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6neminin fark edilmesiyle ABD\u2019deki enerji fiyatlar\u0131 alt \u00fcst oldu. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 ABD\u2019nin kaya gaz\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na imreniyor. Sadece d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce Avrupa\u2019daki do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131 hemen hemen ABD ile ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeydeydi. Fakat \u015fu an ABD\u2019ye oranla Avrupa\u2019daki fiyatlar \u00fc\u00e7 kat Japonya\u2019dakiler ise be\u015f kat daha fazla…<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hemen hemen her \u00fclke enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek istiyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019den Polonya\u2019ya \u00c7in\u2019den Arjantin\u2019e kadar her h\u00fck\u00fcmet ucuz ve g\u00fcvenilir enerjinin hayalini kuruyor.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin umudu kaya gaz\u0131 bu hayalin yan\u0131t\u0131 olabilir mi?<\/p>\n

Peki, ABD\u2019deki \u201ckaya gaz\u0131 devrimi\u201d ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde uygulanabilir mi?<\/p>\n

Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rnekler<\/h2>\n

Ticari veri sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 Platts\u2019\u0131n sorumlu yaz\u0131 i\u015fleri m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Stuart Elliott Polonya \u00f6rne\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

Polonya Avrupa\u2019daki kaya gaz\u0131 rezervleriyle dikkat \u00e7eken bir \u00fclkeydi.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cFakat Polonya \u00f6rne\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u201d diyor Elliott.<\/p>\n

Verimli kaya gaz\u0131 rezervleri Polonyal\u0131 yetkililerin \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine ba\u015flama karar\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok Amerikal\u0131 enerji \u015firketi kendi \u00fclkelerindeki ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131n\u0131 burada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Polonya\u2019da 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in 30 ile 40 aras\u0131 kuyu a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat \u015fu ana kadar maliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcre\u00e7te verimli olmas\u0131 planlanan sadece bir kuyu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Exxon Mobil, Talisman ve Marathon gibi \u015firketler \u00fclkedeki operasyonlar\u0131na son verdi. Chevron, Conoco Philliphs ve San Leon ise azimle kaya gaz\u0131 aramaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere merkezli Chatham House d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015funun k\u0131demli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 Prof. Paul Stevens bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin Polonya h\u00fck\u00fcmetini \u201ca\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc ve ahmak olmakla\u201d su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar yetkililer mevzuat usullerini yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015ftirseler de cezai vergi usulleri ve yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin yerel ortaklar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fart\u0131 gibi \u015fartlar \u00fclkeye y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 ilgisini azalt\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Fakat Stevens ABD\u2019deki ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n neden Avrupa\u2019da uygulanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili olarak Exxon\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f y\u00f6neticisi Rex Tillerson\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cABD\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 olanak sa\u011flayan teknoloji Polonya\u2019n\u0131n co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olmad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00fcpheler<\/h2>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck umutlar ba\u011flayan \u00fclkelerden biri de \u0130ngiltere\u2019ydi.<\/p>\n

Fakat son d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda bir elin parmaklar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyecek kadar kuyu a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in test yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de enerji piyasas\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n verimlili\u011fine ikna olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 100\u2032e yak\u0131n kuyu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrecin bu kadar yava\u015f ilerlemesinin nedeni kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kamuoyu tepkisi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u00e7\u0131karma s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki yer sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u00fcre\u00e7 18 ay ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Poyry Y\u00f6netim Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticisi John Williams\u2019a g\u00f6re kayg\u0131lar\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle mevzuat usullerinin \u00e7ok net olmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

\u201cHer \u015fey kusursuz olmal\u0131. En ufak hata t\u00fcm s\u00fcreci baltalayabilir. Onun i\u00e7in \u015fu ana kadar pek ilerleyemedik\u201d diyor Williams.<\/p>\n

Bu konudaki kaya gaz\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da devam edecek gibi g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Chatham House\u2019dan Stevens, kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma s\u00fcrecindeki a\u011f\u0131r metal ya da radyoaktif maddeler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sular\u0131n kirlenmesi gibi bir ihtimalin me\u015fru bir kayg\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve petrole oranla daha \u00e7evre dostu oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7eken Stevens, \u201cfakat sonunda o da bir fosil yak\u0131t\u201d diye uyar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Stevents, yenilenebilir enerjiye yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n buraya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da ciddi bir kayg\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kayg\u0131lar sadece \u0130ngiltere ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bu konudaki protestolar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hemen hemen her yerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 20 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeden \u00e7evre savunucular\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartma y\u00f6ntemi olan hidrolik k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n zararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcresel bir eylem g\u00fcn\u00fc ilan etti.<\/p>\n

Fransa \u00e7oktan hidrolik k\u0131r\u0131lma y\u00f6ntemlerini yasaklad\u0131. Romanya, Almanya ve Bulgaristan\u2019da ise arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ara verildi.<\/p>\n

Temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/h2>\n

Petrol \u00e7\u0131karma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na daha fazla al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan Amerikan kamuoyunun aksine Avrupa\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yo\u011fun tepki var.<\/p>\n

Bu tepki de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ilgili ilerlemeye darbe vuruyor.<\/p>\n

En temelde Avrupa\u2019daki \u00e7evre mevzuat\u0131 \u00e7ok kat\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1980\u2032lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara y\u00f6nelik milyonlarca dolar katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ama Avrupa Komisyonu devlet yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n aksine temel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletmeler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131 ABD\u2019deki kaza gaz\u0131 i\u015fletmecili\u011fi bir g\u00fcnde do\u011fmad\u0131, 25 y\u0131lda geli\u015ferek bu seviyeye geldi.<\/p>\n

Prof Stevens m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n da kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6nemli bir etken oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de konut sahipleri yer alt\u0131ndaki kaynaklar\u0131n da sahibi konumunda.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece konut sahipleri kendi arazilerinde bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 durumunda fiyat ile ilgili \u015firketlerle anla\u015f\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015firketlere verebiliyorlar.<\/p>\n

Fakat Avrupa\u2019daki yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi devletler.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7bir devlet de pazarl\u0131k yapmadan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 enerji \u015firketlerine devretmeye haz\u0131r de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bu soruna ek olarak bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkedeki yer ko\u015fullar\u0131, alt yap\u0131 ve boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011fi ABD\u2019deki kaya gaz\u0131 devriminin tekrarlanabilmesi ile ilgili ciddi sorunlar olarak g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki enerji fiyatlar\u0131na nihai etkisinin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kayg\u0131lar da var.<\/p>\n

Poyry\u2019nin tahminlerine g\u00f6re kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda Avrupa\u2019daki toptan gaz fiyatlar\u0131 2020 ile 2050 aras\u0131nda y\u00fczde 6 ile y\u00fczde 14, elektrik fiyatlar\u0131 da y\u00fczde 3 ile y\u00fczde 8 aras\u0131nda azalabilir.<\/p>\n

Toptan sat\u0131\u015f fiyatlar\u0131 enerji faturalar\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir etkeni oldu\u011fundan hane ba\u015f\u0131na etkisi daha az bile olabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu veriler Avrupa\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n enerji fiyatlar\u0131na etkisinin ABD\u2019ye oranla \u00e7ok daha az olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131<\/h2>\n

Amerikan Enerji Enformasyon Ajans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (EIA) yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu havzas\u0131nda Dada\u015f ile Trakya havzas\u0131nda Hamitabat formasyonlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir kaya gaz\u0131 miktar\u0131 680 milyar m3 olarak veriliyor.<\/p>\n

Bu miktar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131ll\u0131k t\u00fcketimi (46 milyar m3) esas al\u0131n\u0131rsa yakla\u015f\u0131k 14-15 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir t\u00fcketime denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Haberin Devam\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in TIKLAYIN>><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynak: bbc<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6neminin fark edilmesiyle ABD\u2019deki enerji fiyatlar\u0131 alt \u00fcst oldu. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 ABD\u2019nin kaya gaz\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na imreniyor. Sadece d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nce […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25048,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53],"tags":[1198,14140,1542,14141,1363,5353,63,67,1009,165,168,9233,14142],"views":920,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25047"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25047"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25050,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25047\/revisions\/25050"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25048"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25047"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25047"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}