{"id":18817,"date":"2013-12-06T10:45:56","date_gmt":"2013-12-06T07:45:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=18817"},"modified":"2013-12-06T11:15:59","modified_gmt":"2013-12-06T08:15:59","slug":"kaya-gazi-enerjide-devrim-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/kaya-gazi-enerjide-devrim-mi\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Kaya Gaz\u0131 Enerjide Devrim mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

T\u00fcrkiye gibi petrol\u00fcn en pahal\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke i\u00e7in enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde devrim yarataca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen \u2018kaya gaz\u0131\u2019 heyecan yaratt\u0131. \u015eimdiden G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ba\u015fland\u0131 bile. Peki, kaya gaz\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi enerji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtaracak m\u0131? Yeralt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda depreme neden oldu\u011fu, sular\u0131 kirletti\u011fi do\u011fru mu? \u0130\u015fte yan\u0131tlar\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131, yeralt\u0131nda \u015fist ad\u0131 verilen kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan bir \u00e7e\u015fit do\u011falgazd\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr yata\u011f\u0131 metan\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131 kumta\u015f\u0131 ve metan hidratlarla birlikte, do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 ilk \u00e7\u0131karma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise, iki y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131yor\u2026<\/p>\n

Kayan\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle hapsetti\u011fi gaz\u0131 serbest b\"\"<\/a>\u0131rak\u0131r hale getirilmesi gerekiyor. Bunun i\u00e7in de hidrolik k\u0131r\u0131lma yani \u2018Fracking\u2019 denilen gaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kayan\u0131n i\u00e7inde k\u0131r\u0131lmalar yarat\u0131p bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 suyla y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

1980 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131 ABD, \u00e7e\u015fitli devlet te\u015fvikleriyle bu konuda iddial\u0131. \u0130lk kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi, ABD, New York eyaletinde 1821 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda end\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00fcretim sa\u011fland\u0131. Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n hidrolik \u00e7atlatma y\u00f6ntemi ise yine ilk olarak 1950\u2032li y\u0131llarda ABD\u2019nin Ohaio Eyaletinde uyguland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn ABD\u2019deki yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon kuyuda bu y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. ABD\u2019de h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda 34 eyalette toplam 450 bin kaya gaz\u0131 kuyusu faaliyet halinde.<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma maliyeti, do\u011falgaza g\u00f6re 2 kat daha pahal\u0131 durumda fakat uygun teknoloji ve yeterli m\u00fchendislik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile bu maliyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u0130NSANA ZARARLI VE DEPREM TEHL\u0130KES\u0130 YARATIYOR\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle enerji fakiri \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir f\u0131rsat yarataca\u011f\u0131 belirtilen kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili endi\u015feler de yok de\u011fil. Ba\u015fta \u0130ngiltere olmak \u00fczere Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kimyasal maddelerin yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fma ihtimali bulundu\u011funu ve bunlar\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olduk\u00e7a zararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, yeralt\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya\u00e7lara k\u0131r\u0131lma i\u015fleminin, depremlere yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131 da kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n bir fosil yak\u0131t oldu\u011funu ve y\u00fcksek oranda karbondioksit i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in endi\u015feli\u2026<\/p>\n

ABD Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) taraf\u0131ndan 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan rapora g\u00f6re, son 10 y\u0131lda hidrolik \u00e7atlatma uygulanan 20 bin kuyuda tespit edilen sorunlar incelendi ve sadece 43 ciddi su kirlili\u011fi olay\u0131na rastland\u0131. Bu 43 vakan\u0131n 21\u2032inde yeralt\u0131 suyunun gaz ve hidrolik \u00e7atlatma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ile kirlendi\u011fi, 15\u2032inde \u015fantiye \u00e7evresinde y\u00fczeyde kirlilik olu\u015ftu\u011fu, 4\u2032\u00fcnde su \u00e7ekimi ve hava kirlili\u011fi sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer 3\u2032\u00fcnde ise at\u0131k toplama sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 raporda, \u201cBu konudaki riskin b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu ve sadece birka\u00e7 kuyudaki hatal\u0131 i\u015fletmenin bile ciddi \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131 yaratabilece\u011fine dikkat edilmesi gerekti\u011fi\u201d ifade edildi.<\/p>\n

RUSYA VE \u00c7\u0130N KAR\u015eI KAR\u015eIYA MI GELECEK?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde az ya da \u00e7ok kaya gaz\u0131 bulunuyor. Yeterli teknolojiler geli\u015ftirildi\u011finde ise enerji ihracat\u0131nda tekel olan \u00fclkelerin tekeli kaya gaz\u0131 ile birlikte b\u00f6ylece k\u0131r\u0131lacak. \u00d6zellikle Rusya bu konuda endi\u015feli. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya\u2019n\u0131n art\u0131k do\u011falgaz\u0131n\u0131 satamayaca\u011f\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131n ABD\u2019nin zaten yeterli olan teknolojisiyle bu gaz\u0131 ihra\u00e7 etmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Son g\u00fcnlerde bunun i\u00e7in Senato\u2019dan onay al\u0131nmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

ABD, \u00c7in, Kanada ve Avustralya kaya gaz\u0131 konusunda en \u00e7ok rezervi bulunan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda\u2026 Tahmini kaya gaz\u0131 rezervinde ise, ilk s\u0131ray\u0131 \u00c7in al\u0131yor. Avrupa\u2019da ise Norve\u00e7 ve Polonya 80 ve 187 milyar metrek\u00fcp tahmini rezerv ile \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda\u2026 Brezilya ve Arjantin de kaya rezervi y\u00fcksek \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE DURUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011falgaz t\u00fcketimi 50 milyar metrek\u00fcp olan T\u00fcrkiye, kaya gaz\u0131nda hen\u00fcz kesin olmamakla birlikte d\u00fcnyada hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r \u00fclkeler konumunda oldu\u011fu iddia ediliyor. Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 40 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekebilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. TPAO ile dev petrol \u015firketleri Shell, TransAtlantic ve Valuera sismik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (TPAO), kaba bir tahmini hesapla 20 trilyon metrek\u00fcpl\u00fck kaya gaz\u0131 rezervi olabilece\u011fini bildirdi. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ise ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ilk sondaj ve arama kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131lacak. Trakya havzas\u0131nda da bir ba\u015fka \u015firket arama ve \u00fcretim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu, Trakya, Karadeniz, Do\u011fu Anadolu, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc civar\u0131 ve Toroslar, kaya gaz\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen alanlar.<\/p>\n

UZMANLAR NE D\u0130YOR?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130T\u00dc MADEN FAK\u00dcLTES\u0130 ANAB\u0130L\u0130M DALI BA\u015eKANI PROF. DR. ABDURRAHMAN SATMAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

#T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekten s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir kaya gaz\u0131 rezervi var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de rezerv var demek yanl\u0131\u015f. Potansiyel var ama o potansiyelin rezerve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyece\u011fi belli de\u011fil. \u00c7ok da olumlu oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmiyor. Hala ara\u015ft\u0131rma safhas\u0131nda. B\u00fcy\u00fck rakamlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7enin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Birileri \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervlere sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ama daha potansiyel belli de\u011filken rezervden s\u00f6z etmek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

#ABD\u2019de ve \u00c7in\u2019de durum nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD, enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 devreye \u00e7oktan sokmu\u015f durumda. \u00dcretime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f durumdalar.<\/p>\n

Ama daha \u00c7in devreye girmedi. 2030\u2032da ise \u00c7in\u2019in \u00fcretece\u011fi kaya gaz\u0131 ile petrol\u00fc ile birinci s\u0131rada olan Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya ve do\u011falgaz\u0131 ile birinci s\u0131rada olan Rusya\u2019ya rakip olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u015eu anda ABD, enerjisinin 4\u2032te 3\u2032\u00fcn\u00fc, do\u011falgaz\u0131n\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 95\u2032ini ithal ediyor.<\/p>\n

#Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n maliyeti nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011falgaz\u0131n 50-60 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00f6mr\u00fc var. Normal do\u011falgaz \u00fcretim fiyat\u0131n\u0131n kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyeti aras\u0131nda fark var. Ama ilk a\u015famada kaya gaz\u0131 ucuzdur demek yanl\u0131\u015f. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunun yat\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir b\u00fct\u00e7e ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

#Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda baz\u0131 riskler oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. S\u00f6zce \u00f6yle mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda riskler vard\u0131r do\u011fru. Mikro depremlerden s\u00f6z etmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ama dikkatli yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve do\u011fru tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu risk iner.<\/p>\n

SU POL\u0130T\u0130KALARI UZMANI DURSUN YILDIZ<\/strong><\/p>\n

#Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli oranda suya ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji, su ve g\u0131da politikalar\u0131 bir arada de\u011ferlendirmeli. Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oranda suya ihtiya\u00e7 duyulacak. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de suyun bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde tahsisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorun yaratabilir.<\/p>\n

#\u00c7\u0131kart\u0131lma i\u015flemleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda suyun kirlenece\u011fi iddias\u0131 ne kadar do\u011fru?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kirlenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bu nedenle de \u00f6zellikle Trakya ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu\u2019daki yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131yla ilgili ciddi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ABD, suyun kirlenmesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131na hizmet eden y\u00f6netmeli\u011fini daha kat\u0131 hale getirdi.<\/p>\n

#Peki, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rezervler ile ilgili ne s\u00f6yleyebilirsiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de rezervin oldu\u011fu kesin. Amerika\u2019daki yetkin merkezlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da bu ortaya konuldu. Ama T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi rahatlatacak bir rezerv de\u011fil. Rusya\u2019ya olan do\u011falgaz ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 azaltacak bir rezerv de\u011fil de diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerinin tespit edilmesi, teorik uygulama rezervlerinin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilebilmek i\u00e7in sondaj kuyular\u0131 \u015fart. OrtaAnadolu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu ve Trakya\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131 rezervleri var. Hatta bununla ilgili G\u00fcneydo\u011fu\u2019daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Shell ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00d6nce bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131, onun ard\u0131ndan \u00fczerine konu\u015fmak gerekiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her petrol kuyusundan petrol \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi her kaya gaz\u0131 rezervi de kullan\u0131l\u0131r hale getirilemeyebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc maliyeti olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\n

#Kaya gaz\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirecek?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131, d\u00fcnya enerji denklemini yeniden olu\u015fturacak. \u00d6zellikle Rusya, \u00c7in ve ABD a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan\u2026<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131 \u015fu anda ABD\u2019yi s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirdi. ABD\u2019nin d\u00fcnya enerji denklemindeki yerini daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. ABD, petrol ithal eden \u00fclke konumundan, kaya gaz\u0131 ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclke konumuna ge\u00e7ecek. B\u00f6ylece enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da kurtulacak. Bu g\u00fcnlerde ABD, s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011falgaz ihracat\u0131 yapabilmek i\u00e7in senatodan izin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyor.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ABD\u2019nin kaya gaz\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011falgaz\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelecek. Bunun i\u00e7in kaya gaz\u0131 i\u00e7in ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fimdiden Panama kanal\u0131 geni\u015fletiliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019de ise durum \u015fu; kaya gaz\u0131 teorik rezervinin ABD\u2019dekinden daha fazla oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. Ama \u00c7in\u2019in kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131l\u0131r hale getirilmesi i\u00e7in gereken teknolojiye eri\u015fmesi gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in ileride oyunun tekrar kurulmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir akt\u00f6r olacak. Enerji analistleri, buna dikkat etmeli.<\/p>\n

Yazan: Berivan TAPAN<\/p>\n

Kaynak: Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.T\u00fcrkiye gibi petrol\u00fcn en pahal\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke i\u00e7in enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde devrim yarataca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen \u2018kaya gaz\u0131\u2019 heyecan yaratt\u0131. \u015eimdiden G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ba\u015fland\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18819,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[46,53],"tags":[63,67,1009,165,10996,10995,168,5355,10994,904,846,1494],"views":683,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18817"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18817"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18840,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18817\/revisions\/18840"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}