{"id":16085,"date":"2013-10-03T09:25:36","date_gmt":"2013-10-03T06:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=16085"},"modified":"2013-10-03T09:25:36","modified_gmt":"2013-10-03T06:25:36","slug":"kaya-gazi-uretimi-furyasina-cin-de-dahil-oluyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/kaya-gazi-uretimi-furyasina-cin-de-dahil-oluyor\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Kaya Gaz\u0131 \u00dcretimi Furyas\u0131na \u00c7in de Dahil Oluyor…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi furyas\u0131na bu alanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervine sahip olan \u00c7in\u2019de dahil oluyor.Yeni bir enerji devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsan organlar\u0131 ve h\u00fccrelerinin besin kayna\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l kan ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yorsa, end\u00fcstrinin kan\u0131 da enerji. Bir \u00fclkenin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda end\u00fcstri ve imalatta iddia ve s\u00f6z sahibi olabilmesi i\u00e7in enerji kaynaklar\u0131 konusunda avantajl\u0131 bir konuma gelebilmesi hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Uluslararas\u0131 rekabetin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu bu alan bu y\u00fczden uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin \u015fekillenmesinde de ba\u015fat rol \u00fcstleniyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 tehdit edici boyutlara ula\u015fmadan engelleyebilmek i\u00e7in karbon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 dizginleyebilmenin \u00f6neminin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de r\u00fczg\u00e2r, su, g\u00fcne\u015f gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llarda s\u0131k\u00e7a konu\u015fulur oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Fakat d\u00fcnya elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2032\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan ve 2017\u2032ye gelindi\u011finde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak petrol\u00fcn taht\u0131na oturaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yerine ikame edilebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kaya gaz\u0131 birdenbire \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinde kaya olu\u015fumlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u0131llarca bozulmadan kalabilen ve hidrolik par\u00e7alama teknoloji kullan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilen kaya gaz\u0131, metan gaz\u0131 elde edilmesinde yeni bir kaynak olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve ayn\u0131 zamanda enerji \u00fcreten g\u00fc\u00e7 istasyonlar\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yerine m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde ikame edilebiliyor.<\/p>\n

Y\u00fczde birlerden y\u00fczde 20\u2032lere<\/h2>\n

ABD\u2019de 2008 krizinden sonra ekonomik sekt\u00f6rlerde olu\u015fabilen balonlar\u0131n gelecekte \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in yeniden uluslararas\u0131 ticarette \u201cmade in USA\u201d damgal\u0131 rekabet edilebilecek \u00fcr\u00fcnler ortaya koyarak b\u00fcy\u00fcme strateji \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sanayi \u00fcretimine yeniden a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok ABD\u2019li politikac\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kaya gaz\u0131, d\u0131\u015f enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kalmadan, s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fcn d\u00fcnya ekonomisi \u00fczerinde yeniden h\u00e2kimiyet kurmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak hayati bir enerji girdisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Uzun bir aradan sonra ABD toplam istihdam\u0131 i\u00e7inde pay\u0131 tek rakaml\u0131 oranlara kadar gerileyen sanayi istihdam\u0131 ilk kez g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu durum kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n stratejik \u00f6nemini daha da artt\u0131r\u0131yor. \u201cKaya Gaz\u0131 Devrimi\u201d adl\u0131 Chatham House Raporu 2000 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminin ABD\u2019de de y\u00fczde 1\u2032den 2009\u2032da y\u00fczde 20\u2032ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde \u00f6rne\u011fin Kanada, ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kayalar\u0131n bir ortak noktas\u0131 var o da par\u00e7ac\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki ince yar\u0131klar hem petrol hem de metan gaz\u0131n\u0131n milyonlarca y\u0131l rahats\u0131z edilmeden kalabildi\u011fi yerler. Hidrolik par\u00e7alama buralara s\u0131z\u0131yor ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bir s\u0131v\u0131 pompalayarak kayalar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p depolanm\u0131\u015f hidrokarbonu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Petrol ve gaz merkezi bir boruda toplan\u0131p depolanaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczeye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor. \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Metan evlerde ve g\u00fc\u00e7 istasyonlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan do\u011fal gaz gibi yak\u0131labiliyor. ABD\u2019deki devrim Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanmayabilir \u0130ngiltere Leicester \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde enerji politikas\u0131 \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan Joseph Dutton ABD\u2019nin \u015fu an kaya gaz\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe 25-30 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. \u0130lk b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma alan\u0131 90\u2032lar\u0131n sonunda \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan Texan Barnett kayas\u0131 imi\u015f. Onu ard\u0131ndan New York eyaletinden Pensilvanya\u2019ya ve oradan Bat\u0131 Virginia\u2019dan Ohio\u2019ya kadar uzanan bir alan\u0131 kapsayan Marcellus kaya alan\u0131 takip etmi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u201cKaya Gaz\u0131 Devrimi\u201d raporuna g\u00f6re ABD\u2019deki bu durumun \u00f6zellikle enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmayan Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da tekrarlanabilece\u011fine dair ciddi ku\u015fkular var. Avrupa\u2019da co\u011frafya buna daha az m\u00fcsait, bu alana vergi indirimleri yok ve karada kuyu a\u00e7ma end\u00fcstrisi ABD\u2019nin \u00e7ok gerisinde. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n kamuoyunda kabul g\u00f6rece\u011fine dair kayg\u0131lar mevcut. \u00d6zellikle gaz olan b\u00f6lgelerin devlet arazisi olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc buradan elde edilecek karlar\u0131n yerel arazi sahiplerinden ziyade h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere gitmese s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de ise 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma ge\u00e7mi\u015fi s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen son be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yatay kuyu a\u00e7ma gibi yenilikler sayesinde hidrolik par\u00e7alama teknolojisi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bu sayede b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda kaya y\u00fczeyde daha az tahribatla de\u011ferlendirilebilir hale geldi. Bu sayede ABD \u015fu anda d\u00fcnyada kaya gaz\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 en verimli de\u011ferlendiren \u00fclke konumunda bulunuyor. ABD Enerji Bilgi Y\u00f6netim Dairesi (EIA) tahminlerine g\u00f6re ABD kaya gaz\u0131 ve mevcut petrol\u00fc sayesinde 2035\u2032te enerjide kendi kendine yeter \u00fclke konumuna y\u00fckselebilir. Uluslararas\u0131 dengeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise ekonomi alan\u0131nda liderli\u011fi elinde bulunduran \u00c7in\u2019de refah seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi ile birlikte artan i\u015f\u00e7i maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ABD yeniden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sanayi \u00fcretim ve ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi olabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019de y\u00fczde 50 daha fazla<\/h2>\n

Fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00c7in\u2019in 30 trilyon metrek\u00fcp ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerine sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu rezerv ABD\u2019den y\u00fczde 50 daha fazla ve \u00c7in\u2019in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 konvansiyonel gaz kaynaklar\u0131ndan da 12 kat daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hacme sahip. Enerji kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcreticisi ve t\u00fcketicisi 2010 rakamlar\u0131yla enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 70\u2032ini k\u00f6m\u00fcrden sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu da onu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck karbondioksit sal\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 yaparak \u015fim\u015feklerin \u00fczerine \u00e7evrilmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in e\u011fer k\u00f6m\u00fcr yerine kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 ikame ederse hem k\u00fcresel karbon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fark yaratacak ve\u00a0\u00fczerindeki uluslararas\u0131\u00a0bask\u0131y\u0131 azaltacak hem de elindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervi de\u011ferlendirerek ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilecek. \u00c7in zaten bu konuda olduk\u00e7a istekli bir tutum sergiliyor ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 uzman ve \u015firketleri kaya gaz\u0131ndan enerji \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in teknolojik yard\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in\u2019de Shell ile devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki PetroChina aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fma s\u00f6z konusu. Shell bu anla\u015fma gere\u011fi \u00c7in\u2019in ortas\u0131nda yer alan Sichuan alan\u0131ndaki kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131ma uygun hale getirmek i\u00e7in bir milyar dolarl\u0131k bir harcama yapacak.<\/p>\n

2035\u2032te bir milyon kuyu olacak<\/h2>\n

ABD Enerji Bilgi Y\u00f6netim Dairesi (EIA) 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde 1 milyonun \u00fczerinde kaya gaz\u0131 kuyusunun a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fini tahmin ediyor. Fakat kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya genelinde bir alternatif olu\u015fturabilmesi i\u00e7in fiyat d\u00fczeyinin bu gaz\u0131n maliyet\/k\u00e2r dengesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan di\u011fer enerji kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re bir avantaj sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesine imk\u00e2n vermesi gerekiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6neli\u015fin bu \u00fclkedeki konvansiyonel enerji kaynaklar\u0131 olan petrol ve gaz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n erimeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de fiyatlar\u0131n uygun oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 zaman hidrolojik par\u00e7alama teknolojisinin geli\u015fmesi, verimlili\u011fin bu sayede artmas\u0131 da k\u00e2r\/maliyet dengesinin bu gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmaya m\u00fcsait olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 ve Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi\u2019nin (CSIS) haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu rapora g\u00f6re 2007-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ekonomik olarak \u00e7ekici do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131 ABD\u2019de yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ate\u015fledi ve 10 y\u0131ldan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce bu \u00fclkede do\u011fal gaz \u00fcretiminde ihmal edilebilecek d\u00fczeyde olan kaya gaz\u0131 bug\u00fcn neredeyse i\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 50\u2032sine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir durumda. Lakin kuyulardan daha \u00e7ok gaz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, daha da fazla gaz elde etmek yani tabiri caizse \u201ckayalar\u0131n suyunu iyice \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in\u201d daha fazla bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulamak ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 zorlamak gerekiyor. Bu y\u00fczden de ilk kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma furyas\u0131 bitti\u011finde maliyetlerin artaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde tahminlerde bulunuluyor. EIA \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 20 y\u0131lda kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eren do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Bu i\u015fe giri\u015fen ki\u015filerin maliyetlerin alt\u0131nda ezilmemesi i\u00e7in gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik fiyat ayarlamalar\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

2020\u2032de \u00c7in\u2019in do\u011falgaz ihtiyac\u0131 ortadan kalkabilir<\/h2>\n

\u00c7in\u2019in 2020\u2032deki kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi hedefi \u00fclkedeki do\u011fal gaz \u00fcretimine denk getirmek. Be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yani 2016-2020 aras\u0131nda \u00c7in kaya gaz\u0131 geli\u015ftirmenin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini artt\u0131rmay\u0131 ve 19 b\u00f6lgede kaya ke\u015fif ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 planl\u0131yor. \u00c7in kendi \u00fclkesinde kendi kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya yeni ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, k\u00fcresel end\u00fcstri analistleri \u015fimdiden \u00c7in\u2019in kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminin onun s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fal gaz (LNG) ithalat\u0131n\u0131 2020\u2032ye kadar kesmesini sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in e\u011fer ABD\u2019nin elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 yakalay\u0131p sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerini de\u011ferlendirirse \u00f6nemli bir enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015f olacak. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir ve iki numaral\u0131 ekonomilerinin d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fck bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan kurtulmas\u0131 ise Ortado\u011fu b\u00f6lgesi \u00fczerindeki enerji bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir miktar azaltabilir. Fakat Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kaya gaz\u0131 end\u00fcstrisinde ayn\u0131 yoldan y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyece\u011fi konusu hala mu\u011fl\u00e2kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi furyas\u0131na bu alanda en b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervine sahip olan \u00c7in\u2019de dahil oluyor.Yeni bir enerji devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir. \u0130nsan organlar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15619,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53],"tags":[468,886,9234,63,9232,67,1009,165,168,9233],"views":771,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16085"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16085"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16086,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16085\/revisions\/16086"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}