{"id":128980,"date":"2021-02-09T17:06:19","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T14:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=128980"},"modified":"2021-02-09T17:06:41","modified_gmt":"2021-02-09T14:06:41","slug":"fosil-yakit-kaynakli-hava-kirliligi-5-olum-un-1inden-sorumlu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/fosil-yakit-kaynakli-hava-kirliligi-5-olum-un-1inden-sorumlu\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Fosil Yak\u0131t Kaynakl\u0131 Hava Kirlili\u011fi 5 \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn 1’inden Sorumlu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Birmingham \u00dcniversitesi, Leicester \u00dcniversitesi ve University College London i\u015f birli\u011fiyle Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131t kaynakl\u0131 kirlilik nedeniyle 8 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. \u00d6nceki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclenden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fcksek olan bu say\u0131ya g\u00f6re k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve dizel gibi fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hava kirlili\u011fi, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda 5 \u00f6l\u00fcmden 1\u2019inden sorumlu.<\/h1>\n

Environmental Research dergisi<\/strong>nde yay\u0131nlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re fosil yak\u0131t kaynakl\u0131 hava kirlili\u011finin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu Kuzey Amerika<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu<\/strong>, Avrupa<\/strong> ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya<\/strong> gibi \"\"b\u00f6lgeler, en y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131na sahip.<\/p>\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma, hava kirlili\u011finin<\/strong> neden oldu\u011fu hesaplanan \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckseltiyor. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenleri hakk\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma olan K\u00fcresel Hastal\u0131k Y\u00fck\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019n\u00fcn (Global Burden of Disease) son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Global Burden of Disease ile Global Burden of Disease(orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 ve tar\u0131mda denetimli yakmadan kaynaklanan toz ve duman dahil) nedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011feri 4,2 milyon<\/strong> idi.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca fosil yak\u0131t i\u00e7in 8,7 milyon gibi bir say\u0131ya nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131?<\/h2>\n

\u00d6nceki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, hava ile ta\u015f\u0131nan ve PM2.5<\/strong> olarak bilinen partik\u00fcl maddenin<\/strong> ortalama y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00fcresel yo\u011funlu\u011funu hesaplamak i\u00e7in, uydu<\/strong> ve yery\u00fcz\u00fc istasyon g\u00f6zlemlerine<\/strong> ba\u015fvuruyordu. Fakat bu g\u00f6zlem y\u00f6ntemleri, fosil yak\u0131t kaynakl\u0131 partik\u00fcl<\/strong> maddeyi toz, yang\u0131n<\/strong> ve di\u011fer kaynaklardan<\/strong> ay\u0131rt etme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Harvard \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik<\/strong> ve Uygulamal\u0131 Bilimler Fak\u00fcltesi (SEAS)<\/strong>\u2019ta Kimya-\u0130klim Etkile\u015fimi alan\u0131nda K\u0131demli Ara\u015ft\u0131rma G\u00f6revlisi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma makalesinin yazarlar\u0131ndan Loretta J. Mickley:<\/strong> \u201cUydu verileriyle bulmacan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyorsunuz. Uydular\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131k t\u00fcrlerini ay\u0131rt etmesi<\/strong> zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in verilerde a\u00e7\u0131klar olabiliyor.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu sorunun \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in Harvard\u2019daki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Vasco McCoy Family Atmosfer Kimyas\u0131 ve \u00c7evre M\u00fchendisli\u011fi Profes\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em> Vasco McCoy<\/strong> liderli\u011finde SEAS\u2019te<\/strong> y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen k\u00fcresel, 3 boyutlu<\/strong> bir atmosfer kimyas\u0131 modeli olan GEOS-Chem\u2019e<\/strong> ba\u015fvurdu. Partik\u00fcl maddelerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa etkilerini modellemek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00f6nceden de kullan\u0131lan GEOS-Chem<\/strong>\u2019in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu, yery\u00fcz\u00fc, hava<\/strong> ve uzay<\/strong> g\u00f6zlemleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n

GEOS-Chem<\/strong>\u2019in k\u00fcresel bir model i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek olan mek\u00e2nsal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong>, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 50 km<\/strong>\u2019ye 60 km<\/strong>\u2019lik kutulardan olu\u015fan bir sisteme b\u00f6l\u00fcp, her bir alandaki kirlilik d\u00fczeylerini<\/strong> ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 incelemelerini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Birmingham \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong> y\u00fcksek lisans \u00f6\u011frencisi Karn Vohra:<\/strong> \u201cGeni\u015f b\u00f6lgelere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ortalama de\u011ferlere dayanmaktansa insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> ve kirlili\u011fin bulundu\u011fu<\/strong> yerleri haritalayarak insanlar\u0131n neyi soludu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda daha kesin bilgi edebilmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131k.\u201d<\/em> Vohra\u2019n\u0131n akademik dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 olan, Harvard\u2019da doktora sonras\u0131 eski ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisi ve UCL Co\u011frafya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019nde do\u00e7ent olarak g\u00f6rev alan Eloise Marais<\/strong>, ara\u015ft\u0131rma makalesinin yazarlar\u0131ndan biri.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi<\/strong> ile \u00fcretilen PM2.5<\/strong>\u2019i modellemek amac\u0131yla deniz, hava<\/strong> ve kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131, enerji<\/strong> ve end\u00fcstri<\/strong> gibi bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rden hesaplanan tahmini emisyon miktarlar\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131 ve NASA K\u00fcresel Modelleme<\/strong> ve \u00d6z\u00fcmleme Ofisi<\/strong> yard\u0131m\u0131yla elde edilen meteoroloji kaynakl\u0131 oksidan-aerosol kimyas\u0131<\/strong> sim\u00fclasyonunu GEOS-Chem sistemi<\/strong>ne girdi.<\/p>\n

Her 50 km x 60 km<\/strong> alan i\u00e7in, d\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2nda fosil yak\u0131t kaynakl\u0131 PM2.5 yo\u011funlu\u011fu<\/strong>nu tespit eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n atmas\u0131 gereken sonraki ad\u0131m, bu yo\u011funluk d\u00fczeylerinin insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na etkisini saptamakt\u0131. Hava<\/strong> ile ta\u015f\u0131nan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararl\u0131<\/strong> oldu\u011funun y\u0131llard\u0131r bilinmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00c7in<\/strong> ve Hindistan<\/strong> gibi y\u00fcksek maruz kalma d\u00fczeylerine sahip b\u00f6lgelerde bu kirlili\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa etkilerini \u00f6l\u00e7en \u00e7ok az epidemiyolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. \u00d6nceki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, i\u00e7 mek\u00e2nda dumana maruz kalman\u0131n<\/strong> sa\u011fl\u0131k risklerini d\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2nda PM2.5<\/strong>\u2019e maruz kalma i\u00e7in uyarl\u0131yordu. Fakat Asya\u2019da<\/strong> yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n d\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2ndaki yo\u011fun<\/strong> kirlili\u011fin risklerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde az\u0131msad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan Alina Vodonos<\/strong> ve Harvard T.H. Chan Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fak\u00fcltesi (HSPH) \u00c7evresel Epidemiyoloji Profes\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em> Joel Schwartz<\/strong>, fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan kaynaklanan partik\u00fcl madde yo\u011funlu\u011funu sa\u011fl\u0131k etkileri<\/strong> ile ili\u015fkilendiren bir risk de\u011ferlendirme modeli geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni model, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklarda<\/strong> bile fosil yak\u0131t emisyonuna<\/strong> uzun vadeli maruz kalman\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek bir \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re 2012<\/strong>\u2019de d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131t emisyonlar\u0131<\/strong> nedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6l\u00fcmler, t\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin %21.5<\/strong>\u2019ine denk geldi. Bu oran, \u00c7in\u2019in hava kalitesi hakk\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131la\u015fan \u00f6nlemleri ile 2018<\/strong>\u2019de %18<\/strong>\u2019e geriledi.<\/p>\n

Joel Schwartz:<\/strong> \u201cFosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011fan tehlikeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken genelde karbondioksit miktar\u0131<\/strong> ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden<\/strong> bahsederiz, \u00f6te yandan sera gazlar\u0131yla birlikte sal\u0131nan kirleticilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zarar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an bir nokta olur. Fosil yak\u0131t kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirterek politika, belirleyiciler<\/strong> ve alternatif enerji kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong>na ge\u00e7i\u015ften yararlanacak olan payda\u015flara a\u00e7\u0131k bir mesaj verdi\u011fimizi<\/strong> umuyoruz.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Marais: \u201cAra\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z, fosil yak\u0131tlara<\/strong> olan devaml\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n<\/strong> k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zararlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir\u00e7ok kan\u0131ttan biri niteli\u011finde. Bu kadar zararl\u0131 etkilere<\/strong> ve geli\u015ftirilen etkili<\/strong> ve temiz alternatiflere<\/strong> ra\u011fmen, vicdan\u0131m\u0131z rahat bir bi\u00e7imde fosil yak\u0131tlara g\u00fcvenmeye<\/strong> devam edemeyiz.\u201d<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Birmingham \u00dcniversitesi, Leicester \u00dcniversitesi ve University College London i\u015f birli\u011fiyle Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen yeni bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131t kaynakl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":128982,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53],"tags":[52259,86231,86226,6019,610,86229,51821,86232,86227,86228,86230,57125],"views":299,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128980"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=128980"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/128980\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/128982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=128980"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=128980"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=128980"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}