{"id":12851,"date":"2013-07-09T11:07:45","date_gmt":"2013-07-09T08:07:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=12851"},"modified":"2013-07-09T11:16:09","modified_gmt":"2013-07-09T08:16:09","slug":"siyah-enerji-komur-dunu-bugunu-yarini","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/siyah-enerji-komur-dunu-bugunu-yarini\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Siyah Enerji : K\u00f6m\u00fcr; D\u00fcn\u00fc, Bug\u00fcn\u00fc, Yar\u0131n\u0131!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

Tarihte ilk olarak \u00c7inlilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 18.yy ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na denk gelir. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar da birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur. 2000-2030 d\u00f6neminde enerji kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in art\u0131\u015f oranlar\u0131; k\u00f6m\u00fcrde %115,1, do\u011fal gazda % 92,9, petrolde %32,7, n\u00fckleerde %49,9 ve di\u011ferlerinde ise %91,8 olacakt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

San\u0131r\u0131m sadece k\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sava\u015f ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ise k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck stratejik avantajlar\u0131ndan biri olan her yerde bulunabilirli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr rezervleri bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya k\u00f6m\u00fcr rezervlerinin % 75\u2019si d\u00f6rt \u00fclkede bulunmaktad\u0131r. En fazla rezerve % 27,6 payla A.B.D. sahiptir. Bunu %18,2 payla Rusya, % 13,3 ile \u00c7in, % 8,9 ile Avustralya ve % 7,0 payla Hindistan izlemektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>D\u00fcnyada yeni rezervler bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn 118 y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6mr\u00fc kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr petrol ve do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinin t\u00fckenme \u00f6m\u00fcrlerinin mevcut \u00fcretim seviyeleri ile s\u0131ras\u0131yla 45 ve 60 y\u0131l s\u00fcrece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketim projeksiyonlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketiminin OECD \u00fclkelerinde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermeyece\u011fi, bununla birlikte geli\u015fmekte olan ve az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin taleplerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 2035 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2007 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %58\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Son yap\u0131lan projeksiyonlarda da OECD \u00fclkelerinin k\u00f6m\u00fcr taleplerin 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 rakamlar\u0131 seviyesinde devam edece\u011fi, \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131n ise 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar taleplerinin artarak devam edece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015f K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019da ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcretimi 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 6,34 milyar tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu rakam 1990 da 3,49 milyar tondu.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkeler baz\u0131nda incelendi\u011finde 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in 3,33 milyon ton \u00fcretimiyle d\u00fcnya ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcretiminin %50,2\u2019sini tek ba\u015f\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019daki toplam ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc t\u00fcketiminin %13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc demir-\u00e7elik end\u00fcstrisi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kokla\u015fabilir ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn %90\u2019\u0131 ise ham \u00e7elik i\u00e7in pik demir \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak son y\u0131llarda demir-\u00e7elik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc pulverize k\u00f6m\u00fcr enjeksiyonu (PCI) da kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede 1.4 ton kokla\u015fabilir k\u00f6m\u00fcr yerine 0.9 ton k\u00f6m\u00fcr enjekte edilebilmektedir. PCI k\u00f6m\u00fcrleri kokla\u015fabilir k\u00f6m\u00fcre g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde en \u00f6nemli ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc rezervleri Zonguldak Havzas\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Havzada bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan rezerv arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, -1200 m derinli\u011fe kadar tespit edilmi\u015f toplam Jeolojik rezerv 1,31 Milyar ton olup, bunun %39\u2019u (yaklas\u0131k 514 Milyon ton) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr rezerv olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Armut\u00e7uk b\u00f6lgesinde yer alan rezervler; yar\u0131-kokla\u015fma \u00f6zelli\u011fi, y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131l de\u011fer ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck b\u00fcnye k\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile hem kokla\u015fabilir k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerle harmanlanarak hem de pulverize enjeksiyon (PCI) k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olarak demir-\u00e7elik fabrikalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131ma uygun niteliktedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr ithalat\u0131n\u0131n ivme kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclke toplam ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc t\u00fcketiminin %80\u2019i, sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ise %45\u2019i yerli kaynaklardan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 25.569.000 ton olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc t\u00fcketiminin sadece %9,8\u2019i yerli kaynaklardan (TTK ve havza \u00fcretiminden) kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2.528 bin ton olan ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcretimimize kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 23.679 bin tonluk ithalat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik.<\/p>\n

2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminin %18,5\u2019i hidrolik, %49,3\u2019\u00fc do\u011fal gaz, %28,4\u2019\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcr, %3,4\u2019\u00fc s\u0131v\u0131 santrallerden sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u00e7inde ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pay\u0131 %8,3\u2019d\u00fcr (ithal+yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr). Elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4,3 milyon tonu ithal+ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc 1,7 milyon ton yerli ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olmak \u00fczere toplam 6 milyon ton ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc+ithal k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 61 milyon ton da linyit kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Linyit<\/h2>\n

\u00dclkemiz linyit rezervlerinin \u0131s\u0131l de\u011ferleri olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Genel olarak 1.000 kcal\/kg ile 4.200 kcal\/kg aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermekle birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131n alt \u0131s\u0131l de\u011feri 3.000 kcal\/kg\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Linyitten elde edilebilir elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretim potansiyeli 120 milyar kWh\/y\u0131l olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ETKB yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla bu potansiyelin % 44\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zkonusu potansiyelin tamam\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in y\u0131lda 190 milyon ton kadar linyit \u00fcretilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ise, 2008\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 84 milyon tonluk y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretimin iki kat\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek bir y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretimin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir [4].<\/p>\n

Linyit \u00fcretiminde ise T\u00fcrkiye, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya\u2019daki \u00fcretimin yakla\u015f\u0131k %10\u2019unu kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n linyit \u00fcretimi yakla\u015f\u0131k 169 milyon ton\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin linyit konusunda kendine yetti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Yeni \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcler<\/h2>\n

IEA\u2019ya g\u00f6re HELE (high-efficiency, low-emissions) \u2013y\u00fcksek verim, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emisyon- teknolojisi k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 2 \u00b0C tutmak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr yakma teknolojisinin eri\u015fece\u011fi en iyi nokta olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar k\u00f6m\u00fcr yakma teknolojisinde IGCC ve USC (ultra s\u00fcper kritik) teknolojisinin yan\u0131nda HELE teknolojisi tek se\u00e7enek olarak kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Belli \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in s\u00fcperkritik ve ultra-s\u00fcperkritik pay\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde verilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya\u2019da 2010\u2019dan sonra bir fark\u0131ndal\u0131k olu\u015ftu\u011fu belli olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n

D\u00fcnya birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %25\u2019ini ve elektrik \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00f6m\u00fcr artan enerji ihtiyac\u0131 ile birlikte \u00f6nemini gelecek y\u0131llarda da koruyacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fcretim maliyetleri ve geni\u015f co\u011frafyalara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, demir-\u00e7elik ve termik santraller gibi kalk\u0131nman\u0131n temeli olan sekt\u00f6rlerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn stratejik yerli bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na devam etmesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn; D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde yayg\u0131n olarak bulunmas\u0131 ve \u00fcretilmesi, kullan\u0131m-depolama ve ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan emniyetli yak\u0131t olmas\u0131, geli\u015fen temiz k\u00f6m\u00fcr teknolojileri ile \u00e7evresel etkilerinin en aza indirilmesi, di\u011fer fosil yak\u0131tlara (petrol ve do\u011fal gaz) g\u00f6re politik \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden uzak daha az riskli b\u00f6lgelerde \u00fcretiliyor ve t\u00fckenme \u00f6m\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla \u00f6mre sahip olmas\u0131 vazge\u00e7ilmez bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Gerekenler<\/h2>\n

Almanya\u2019da ciddi miktarda linyit \u00fcretimi var. Ve bunu en verimli \u015fekilde kullanabilme teknolojisine sahiptir. Yerli k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck miktar\u0131n\u0131n linyit oldu\u011fu \u00fclkemiz Almanya\u2019dan belli bir s\u00fcre gerekli know-how\u2019u al\u0131p daha sonra kendi teknolojisini geli\u015ftirebilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Baca emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik olarak yanma sonras\u0131;<\/p>\n

Aktif karbon enjeksiyonu,<\/p>\n

Elektrostatik tutucular kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

Bez Filtrelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

Baca gaz\u0131 s\u00fclf\u00fcr giderme i\u015fleminin uygulanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7imli katalitik ve katalitik olmayan indirgenmenin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n

Ya\u015f tanecik gaz temizleyicilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emisyonlu sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

P\u00fclverize k\u00f6m\u00fcr yakma, Ak\u0131\u015fkan yatakta yakma, \u00e7evrimli ak\u0131\u015fkan yatakta yakma ve bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan yatakta yakma y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak %40\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde net verim ve emisyonlarda (NOx,SOx,CO2 ve partik\u00fcl) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6nemli asamalar kat edilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr yakma teknolojilerinin ve Entegre Gazla\u015ft\u0131rma Kombine \u00c7evrim Teknolojilerinin (IGCC) \u00fclkemizde yeni tesislerde uygulanmas\u0131, teknolojinin elde edilmesi ve geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar te\u015fvik edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcperkritik ve ultra-s\u00fcperkritik teknolojileri ile %44-55 verimlilik seviyelerine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve CO2<\/sub> emisyonunun 1\/3 oran\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir. Karbon depolama (CCS) teknolojisi ile CO2<\/sub> emisyonunun s\u0131f\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hayal de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r firmalar\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme faaliyetlerine yeterince \u00f6nem vermemektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr gazla\u015ft\u0131rma teknolojisini ka\u00e7\u0131rmamam\u0131z gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Plazma teknolojisi ile k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yak\u0131lmas\u0131 yeni bir konudur. Pilot tesis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bir an \u00f6nce bitirilerek, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z verimli teknolojileri ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 beklemeden kendimiz sanayi uygulamalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmemiz gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/h2>\n

1. \u201cTechnology Roadmap High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Generation\u201d, IEA.<\/p>\n

2. Ta\u015f K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Raporu 2012, TK\u0130, May\u0131s 2013.<\/p>\n

3. Linyit Sekt\u00f6r Raporu 2012, TK\u0130, May\u0131s 2013.<\/p>\n

Haber Kayna\u011f\u0131: Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.Tarihte ilk olarak \u00c7inlilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 18.yy ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na denk gelir. 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar da birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12852,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53],"tags":[6720,3209,63,67,1714,165,6718,6712,6716,1675,6721,6715,1677,6713,6711,4210,6717,6719,6714],"views":2740,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12851"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12851"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12851\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12858,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12851\/revisions\/12858"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12851"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12851"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12851"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}