{"id":126969,"date":"2021-01-13T12:04:28","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T09:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=126969"},"modified":"2021-01-13T12:12:42","modified_gmt":"2021-01-13T09:12:42","slug":"yeni-nesil-gunes-hucreleri-perovskite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/yeni-nesil-gunes-hucreleri-perovskite\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) Yeni Nesil G\u00fcne\u015f H\u00fccreleri: ‘Perovskite'"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi, iklim krizi ile m\u00fccadele ve yeni b\u00fcy\u00fcme stratejisi olarak ortaya koydu\u011fu Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131 (EU Green Deal) ile 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 iklim dostu bir k\u0131ta haline getirmeyi hedeflerken Avrupa Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bankas\u0131 (AYB) ise 2022 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra fosil yak\u0131t bazl\u0131 projeleri finanse etmeyece\u011fini ve \u00e7evre dostu projeleri destekleyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/h1>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda enerji \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde<\/strong> b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek. En kritik de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi dahil yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 ve zaten olduk\u00e7a fazla bir \u00f6neme sahip olan g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn daha da \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu \"\"sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn en yo\u011fun kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan biri olan fotovoltaik projeleri<\/strong> ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fotovoltaik h\u00fccre teknolojileri<\/strong> bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin merkezinde durmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccrelerinin g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 terawatt<\/strong> \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in, daha \u00e7evre dostu<\/strong>, daha verimli<\/strong> ve daha geni\u015f bir uygulama yelpazesi<\/strong> sunan teknolojiler, \u015fu anda piyasaya hakim olan birinci nesil silikon bazl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri<\/strong> ile birlikte geli\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca tan\u0131mlarsak;<\/span> G\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi, fotovoltaik etki prensibi<\/strong>ne g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, yani \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> do\u011frudan elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren<\/strong> bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Fotovoltaik h\u00fccreler, literat\u00fcre g\u00f6re \u201cbirinci nesil, ikinci nesil ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil\u201d<\/em> olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fotovoltaikler, yar\u0131 iletken malzemeler<\/strong> kullanarak yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fotovoltaik i\u00e7in en elveri\u015fli yar\u0131iletken malzemeler olarak Silisyum (Si), Kadmiyum Tell\u00fcr (CdTe)<\/strong>, Galyum Arsenit (GaAs)<\/strong> g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n

– Birinci nesil:<\/u><\/strong> Tek kristalli\/mono kristal (c-Si) ve \u00e7ok kristalli\/poli kristal silisyum (mc-Si) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken,<\/p>\n

– \u0130kinci nesil:<\/u> <\/strong>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli-\u0130nce Film Teknolojisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Amorf Silisyum (a-Si), Bak\u0131r \u0130ndiyum Diselenid (CIS\/CuInSe2<\/sub>), Bak\u0131r \u0130ndiyum Galyum Diselenid (CIGS) Kadmiyum Tell\u00fcr (CdTe) ba\u015fl\u0131ca ikinci nesil h\u00fccrelerdir,<\/p>\n

– \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc nesil:<\/u><\/strong> Nanokristal bazl\u0131, Polimer bazl\u0131, Boyaya duyarl\u0131, Konsantre g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni nesil h\u00fccrelerde Amerika\u2019n\u0131n Ulusal Yenilenebilir Enerji Laboratuvar\u0131-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ve di\u011fer merkezlerdeki g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca oda\u011f\u0131nda olanlar ise Organik Boya Duyarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f H\u00fccreleri, Perovskite G\u00fcne\u015f H\u00fccreleri (hibrit organik-inorganik malzemeler) ve Kuantum nokta (Quantum dot) g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni nesil fotovoltaik (PV) teknolojiler,<\/strong> enerji \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetler, daha fazla \u00fcretim kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ba\u015fka faydalar sa\u011flayabilir. Hen\u00fcz ticari kullan\u0131m seviyesinde olmasa da \u00e7ift y\u00fczeyli (bifacial) g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi teknolojisi, konsantre fotovoltaik teknolojisi (CPV)<\/strong>, solar kiremit<\/strong> ve \u015feffaf g\u00fcne\u015f panelleri<\/strong> konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir ve baz\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 mevcuttur. Y\u00fcksek verimliliklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yeni nesil h\u00fccre teknolojileri<\/strong> geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir, ancak baz\u0131 yar\u0131 iletkenler maddeler insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve do\u011faya zararl\u0131 olabilecek arsenit, kur\u015fun, galyum, kadmiyum tell\u00fcrid<\/strong> gibi kimyasal maddeler i\u00e7erdiklerinden ve \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u015fu anda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ticari kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r ve hen\u00fcz baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ar-ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong> h\u0131zla devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

NREL grafi\u011fi<\/strong>ni inceledi\u011fimiz zaman yeni nesil h\u00fccre teknolojileri<\/strong> aras\u0131nda multijunction\/alt\u0131 katmanl\u0131 tandem h\u00fccre<\/strong> (%47,1) hari\u00e7 en y\u00fcksek verimlilik de\u011ferinin Perovskite h\u00fccre<\/strong>ye (%29,52) ait oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ticari olarak kullan\u0131lan en verimli g\u00fcne\u015f paneli yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak %22 -23<\/strong> civar\u0131nda bir verime sahiptir. Pazar hakim olan ticari kullan\u0131m %90<\/strong> civar\u0131nda bir oranla hala silikon bazl\u0131 h\u00fccreler \u00fczerindedir. Perovskite h\u00fccreleri<\/strong>nin ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar, ara\u015ft\u0131rma verimlilikleri son zamanlarda % 20<\/strong>‘nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kamuoyunda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6rmektedir. Oxford PV, Aral\u0131k 2020<\/strong>\u2019de %29,52<\/strong> ile perovskite-silikon tandem h\u00fccre verimlili\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni bir d\u00fcnya rekoru sahibi olmu\u015ftur. Tandem h\u00fccre verimlili\u011fi rekoru Ocak 2020<\/strong>‘de %29,15<\/strong> olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yeni rekorun, laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda \u00fcretilen 1,12 cm\u00b2<\/strong>‘lik bir h\u00fccrede elde edildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Perovskite geli\u015ftiricisi Oxford PV<\/strong>, yak\u0131n gelecekte bu rekoru %30<\/strong>‘un \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 hedeflediklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Peki bu y\u00fcksek verimlili\u011fe sahip perovskite h\u00fccre nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Perovskite h\u00fccreleri<\/strong> ismini \u00f6zel kristal yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan almaktad\u0131r ve organik kur\u015fun bile\u015fiklerinden ve klor, brom veya iyot gibi elementlerden \u00fcretilebilmektedir. Perovskite h\u00fccreleri, alt tabaka olarak bilinen altta yatan bir destek tabakas\u0131 \u00fczerine bas\u0131lan, kaplanan veya vakumla b\u0131rak\u0131lan malzeme katmanlar\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r. Montajlar\u0131 kolayd\u0131r<\/strong> ve kristal silikona benzer<\/strong> verimliliklere ula\u015fabilmektedir. Perovskite h\u00fccreler<\/strong> y\u0131llard\u0131r bilinmesine ra\u011fmen fotovoltaik malzeme olarak ilk kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Laboratuvarda, perovskite g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccre verimleri 2009’da %3<\/strong>‘ten 2020’de %25<\/strong>‘in \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karak di\u011fer t\u00fcm PV malzemelerinden<\/strong> daha h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Perovskite h\u00fccre ne a\u00e7\u0131dan avantajl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Di\u011ferlerine h\u00fccre teknolojilerine k\u0131yasla perovskite h\u00fccrelerin avantajlar\u0131, kristale gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (spektrumunu) so\u011furup elektron ak\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilmeleridir. Ayr\u0131ca, perovskite malzeme<\/strong> esnek bir yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in rulo halinde \u00fcretilebilmektedir bu da geni\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli uygulama yelpazesi sunar ve ticari<\/strong> olarak temin edilebilen silikon h\u00fccrelerinkine<\/strong> yak\u0131n (y\u00fcksek) verimliliklere sahip olabilirler. 2020’de yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, t\u00fcm perovskite tandemlerinin silikon – perovskite tandemlere<\/strong> g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon ayak izine<\/strong> sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Yani yeni nesil teknolojiler aras\u0131nda \u00e7evre dostu olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Perovskite malzemeleri, tamamen yeni bir g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi<\/strong> t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli olma veya genel h\u00fccre verimlili\u011fini art\u0131ran bir katman olarak silikon g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleriyle<\/strong> birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma potansiyeline sahiptir. Gitgide geli\u015ftirilmekte olan perovskite panellerine<\/strong> gelece\u011fin panelleri olarak bak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Perovskite h\u00fccre ne a\u00e7\u0131dan dezavantajl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Y\u00fcksek verimlilik de\u011ferlerine sahip olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u015fu anda k\u0131sa bir \u00f6m\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kullan\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131na sahiptirler: Havada<\/strong> ve nemli havada<\/strong> par\u00e7alanabilirler, bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00fcretimlerini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ticari olarak uygulanabilir olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, Watt ba\u015f\u0131na<\/strong> \u00fcretim fiyat\u0131n\u0131n 40 Cent<\/strong>\u2019in alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi ve perovskite PV h\u00fccreleri<\/strong>nin a\u00e7\u0131k havada 20 y\u0131l<\/strong> dayanabilecek kadar kararl\u0131 hale gelmesi gerekmektedir. E\u011fer bu geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flan\u0131rsa silisyumlu panellerin sonunun gelece\u011fi ve perovskite panellerin kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Perovskite panellerindeki kur\u015funun kaps\u00fcllenip<\/strong> \u00e7evreye ula\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kristaldeki kur\u015fun azalt\u0131l\u0131r ya da yerine ba\u015fka bir madde konursa kristalin verimi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden<\/strong> \u015fimdilik tam verimli bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar onlar\u0131 daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hale getirmek ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli \u00fcretim teknikleri geli\u015ftirmek<\/strong> ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de; Perovskite\/ yeni nesil PV teknolojiler<\/strong> alan\u0131nda ba\u015fta Ege \u00dcniversitesi\u00a0<\/strong>– G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> ve ODT\u00dc-G\u00dcNAM (Orta Do\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Uygulama Merkezi)<\/strong> olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezleri ve firmalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ay\u015fe ALTINI\u015eIK \u2013 Y. Enerji Sistemleri M\u00fch. \/ Temiz Enerji Edit\u00f6r\u00fc \u2013\u00a0altinisik.ayse@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/tr.euronews.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/gunam.metu.edu.tr\/solar-tech\/pv-cell-types\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.ise.fraunhofer.de\/content\/dam\/ise\/de\/documents\/publications\/studies\/Photovoltaics-Report.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/research\/re-photovoltaics.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/solarmagazine.com\/solar-panels\/<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Avrupa Birli\u011fi, iklim krizi ile m\u00fccadele ve yeni b\u00fcy\u00fcme stratejisi olarak ortaya koydu\u011fu Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131 (EU Green Deal) ile 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":126975,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53,49],"tags":[84819,84822,51834,52259,84821,53157,84826,84827,84824,84825,84820,84823,84817,84818],"views":1065,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126969"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126969"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126969\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/126975"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126969"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126969"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}