{"id":126175,"date":"2020-12-30T13:09:19","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T10:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=126175"},"modified":"2020-12-30T13:09:32","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T10:09:32","slug":"inceleme-ozgurlugun-koklerine-yolculuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/inceleme-ozgurlugun-koklerine-yolculuk\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) \u0130nceleme: “\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn K\u00f6klerine Yolculuk”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

Vak\u0131fBank K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi \u00dczerine \u0130ki Deneme\u201d ad\u0131ndaki eserde, \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Lord Acton toplumsal h\u00fcrriyetin geli\u015fimini inceliyor. Acton kitapta, Julius Caesar, Aristoteles, Sokrates, Platon, Herakleitos, Cicero ve Locke gibi daha onlarca isme at\u0131fta bulunarak, tarihi olaylardan \u00f6rneklerle \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin k\u00f6klerine iniyor.<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Vak\u0131fBank K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (VBKY)<\/strong> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de ilk kez okurla bulu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi \u00dczerine \u0130ki Deneme\u201d<\/strong> isimli kitap, \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i ve siyaset adam\u0131 Lord Acton\u2019\u0131n \u201cAntik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi\u201d<\/strong> (1877) ile \u201cH\u0131ristiyanl\u0131kta \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi\u201d<\/strong> (1878) isimli iki denemesinden olu\u015fuyor. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7evirisini Ahmet Fethi Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapta Acton, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca geli\u015fen<\/strong> ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini<\/strong> tarihi anekdotlarla de\u011ferlendiriyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"En y\u00fcksek siyasal ama\u00e7<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Acton\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck<\/strong>, y\u00fcksek siyasal bir amac\u0131n arac\u0131 de\u011fildir, kendisi en y\u00fcksek siyasal ama\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/strong> \u201c\u0130yi bir kamusal y\u00f6netim i\u00e7in de\u011fil, sivil toplumun ve \u00f6zel ya\u015fam\u0131n en y\u00fcksek hedeflerinin pe\u015finden giderken g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in gereklidir\u201d diyen Acton, kitapta anlatmaya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck fikrinin Atina\u2019da do\u011fdu\u011funun bilgisiyle ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Acton, \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyor: \u201cUluslar\u0131n barbarl\u0131ktan ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n pen\u00e7esinden kurtulmakta oldu\u011fu, insanlar\u0131 siyaset ilgisinden ve bilgisinden yoksun b\u0131rakan aral\u0131ks\u0131z varolu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin onlar\u0131 bir tas \u00e7orbaya do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen haklar\u0131n\u0131 satmaya istekli ve vazge\u00e7tikleri hazineden bihaber k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun ara d\u00f6nemlerde, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Aristokratlar\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Acton, bir \u00fclkenin ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6zg\u00fcr olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar vermek i\u00e7in en kesin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fcvenlik haklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu tan\u0131mdan yola \u00e7\u0131karak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, inanc\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu ve koruyucusu. Acton b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Milattan 600 y\u0131l \u00f6nce<\/strong> mutlak\u0131yetin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir h\u00e2kimiyete sahip oldu\u011funu ve Do\u011fu\u2019da rahiplerin ve ordular\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyen n\u00fcfuzuyla desteklendi\u011fini belirten Acton, hemen sonra ya\u015fananlar\u0131 \u00f6zetliyor:<\/span> E\u011fitimli m\u00fcfessirler gerektiren kutsal kitaplar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019da ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kazanamad\u0131\u2026 Krallar devrildi, onlar\u0131n yetkilerine aristokratlar sahip oldu. Dahas\u0131, ku\u015faklar boyunca s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fa ac\u0131mas\u0131z egemenli\u011fi, zenginin yoksulu, \u00e2limin cahili ezmesi devam etti.<\/p>\n

Tiranlar\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Antik Yunanlar d\u00f6nemi<\/strong>nde kentlerde ya\u015fayanlar eziyetten kurtulmak i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmaktan \u00e7ekinmeyen farkl\u0131 kuvvetlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Ancak bu \u00e7are, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe yeni bir boyut kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Action, \u201cTiranlar, 14\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendilerini \u0130talyan kentlerinin efendileri yapanlar gibi \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 yetenekleri ve meziyetleri olan insanlard\u0131; e\u015fit yasalarla ve iktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan haklar hi\u00e7bir yerde yoktu\u2026 Di\u011fer kentler gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f taraf\u0131ndan ezilen ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na \u00e7evrilen Atina \u015fiddetten sak\u0131nd\u0131 ve Solon\u2019u yasalar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irip d\u00fczeltmekle g\u00f6revlendirdi\u201d diyor. Yunanlar\u0131n bilimin keskin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015fi ise Perikles\u2019in \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Feodal d\u00fczenin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130lk\u00e7a\u011f toplumunu etkileyen paganizm ruhunun, kilisenin ve devletin ortak etkisi olmadan kovulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden Acton, devlet ile kilise birli\u011finin zorunlu oldu\u011funa dair evrensel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n Bizans despotizmini do\u011furdu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ard\u0131ndan da \u00f6nce h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti, sonra da ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi geldi. Her \u015fey i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7erken feodalizm, topra\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc ve efendisi yapt\u0131. Acton, \u201c… B\u00f6ylece toprak a\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ve devletin otoritesinden \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u2026 \u0130nsanlar toprak sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n iyi niyetine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmadan ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flaman\u0131n bir yolunu bulunca, toprak sahibi \u00f6nemini yitirdi ve menkul de\u011fer sahipleri \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Kent halk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca baronlar\u0131n ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnden kurtulmakla kalmad\u0131, kendi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin komutas\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye de \u00e7abalad\u0131\u201d s\u00f6zlerini kaydediyor.<\/p>\n

Lord Acton kimdir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinin \u00f6nemli isimlerinden Lord Acton, 1834\u2019te Napoli\u2019de do\u011fdu. Alman, \u0130talyan ve \u0130ngiliz aristokrasisine mensup Katolik bir ailenin ferdiydi, \u00f6zel e\u011fitim ald\u0131, ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcnih\u2019te ilahiyat, felsefe ve tarih okudu. Lordlar Kamaras\u0131\u2019nda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131, ba\u015fbakan William Gladstone\u2019a dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k hizmetinde bulundu. Gazeteci, edit\u00f6r ve yazar olarak uzun y\u0131llar boyunca yaz\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Acton, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131na v\u00e2k\u0131f bir pozisyonda, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir entelekt\u00fcel kariyere sahip oldu. Krali\u00e7e Victoria\u2019dan, Oxford, Cambridge ve M\u00fcnih \u00fcniversitelerinden onursal \u00f6d\u00fcller alan Acton, 1902\u2019de Bavyera\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. Acton\u2019\u0131n VBKY\u2019den \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi \u00dczerine \u0130ki Deneme\u201d ile \u201cTarih \u00dczerine Bir Ders\u201d isimli kitaplar\u0131 yay\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

K\u00dcNYE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yay\u0131nevi: <\/strong>VBKY<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi \u00dczerine \u0130ki Deneme<\/p>\n

Yazar: <\/strong>Lord Acton<\/p>\n

\u00c7evirmen: <\/strong>Ahmet Fethi Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m<\/p>\n

Sayfa say\u0131s\u0131: <\/strong>80<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. Vak\u0131fBank K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Tarihi \u00dczerine \u0130ki Deneme\u201d ad\u0131ndaki eserde, \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Lord Acton toplumsal h\u00fcrriyetin geli\u015fimini inceliyor. Acton kitapta, Julius […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":126178,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[53],"tags":[84316,84320,52259,84319,84315,84321,84314,84322,84318,84317,74355,79332],"views":49,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126175"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126175"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126175\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/126178"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}