{"id":112687,"date":"2020-04-30T12:43:12","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T09:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=112687"},"modified":"2020-04-30T12:43:12","modified_gmt":"2020-04-30T09:43:12","slug":"iklim-kulubu-basarisiz-kuresel-caba-nasil-onarilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/iklim-kulubu-basarisiz-kuresel-caba-nasil-onarilir\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) \u0130klim Kulub\u00fc: Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z K\u00fcresel \u00c7aba Nas\u0131l Onar\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi bug\u00fcn uluslar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre sorunudur ve giderek uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki ana sorunlardan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yine de, h\u00fck\u00fcmetler buna kar\u015f\u0131 anla\u015fmalar yapmak i\u00e7in kusurlu bir mimari kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kilit anla\u015fmalar, 1997 Kyoto Protokol\u00fc ve 2015 Paris \u0130klim Anla\u015fmas\u0131, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc d\u00fczenlemelere dayan\u0131yor. Devletlerin iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kavramalar\u0131 ve mevcut kusurlu modeli farkl\u0131 bir te\u015fvik yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip bir alternatifle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri gerekiyor \u2013 buna \u201c\u0130klim Kul\u00fcb\u00fc\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yorum. Uluslar, e\u011fer kul\u00fcp modelini benimsiyorlarsa ve kat\u0131lmayan uluslar i\u00e7in cezalar i\u00e7eriyorsa, uluslararas\u0131 iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda bedavac\u0131l\u0131k sendromunun \u00fcstesinden gelebilir. Aksi takdirde, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini azaltma konusundaki k\u00fcresel \u00e7aba ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olacakt\u0131r.<\/h1>\n

Oyun teorisinden gelen kavramlar farkl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma t\u00fcrlerini ve uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n potansiyelini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk ve kolay anla\u015fmalar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, evrensel olarak faydal\u0131 olan ve taraflar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc te\u015fvikleri olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerdir. Orta zorlukta olan 2’inci bir anla\u015fma \"\"s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/strong>, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ticarete dayan\u0131r, bunun merkezi bir \u00f6rnek uluslararas\u0131 ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong>d\u0131r. 3’\u00fcnc\u00fc bir uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fma<\/strong> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00fcresel kamu mallar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren zor sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Kamu mallar\u0131 yeni bir olay\u0131 temsil etmez. Ancak, h\u0131zl\u0131 teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fim ve ula\u015f\u0131m ve ileti\u015fim maliyetlerindeki \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<\/strong> nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda daha kritik hale geliyorlar. COVID-19<\/strong>\u2019un h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7lerin s\u0131n\u0131rlara nas\u0131l sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmay\u0131 ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmay\u0131<\/strong> reddeden \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 tehdit olu\u015fturana kadar k\u00fcresel sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmenin tehlikelerini hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. K\u00fcresel kamu mallar\u0131<\/strong> \u00fczerindeki anla\u015fmalar zordur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her bir \u00fclkenin i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmayan, dilenci-kom\u015fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcreten bir kusur te\u015fviki vard\u0131r. Bunu yaparken, k\u00fcresel olarak faydal\u0131 olan ve kat\u0131lan her \u00fclke i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olan planlar \u00fczerinde i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak yerine ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

Zor sorunlara e\u011filmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong> 3’\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fa girer ve hedeflerine ula\u015fmada b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z<\/strong> oldular. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok nedeni var. Zor bir soruna y\u00f6neldikleri i\u00e7in, uluslararas\u0131 iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131, kendili\u011finden i\u015f yapman\u0131n zor oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f bir te\u015fvik yap\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Ayr\u0131ca, uzun vadeli k\u00fcresel meselelere<\/strong> ilgisi olmayan ve sorunu ciddiye almay\u0131 reddeden liderler taraf\u0131ndan zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131. Di\u011fer engeller, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini<\/strong> yava\u015flatma \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, zorlu\u011fu ve maliyeti. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki anla\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusunda uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011finin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahkum oldu\u011fu sonucuna<\/strong> varmak kolayd\u0131r. Bu yanl\u0131\u015f bir sonu\u00e7tur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131, zay\u0131f mimari nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmu\u015ftur. Etkili bir iklim anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131 mimariyi \u015fu \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmek; g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir anla\u015fmadan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc te\u015fvikleri<\/strong> olan bir anla\u015fmaya. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalar bir t\u00fcr uluslar kul\u00fcb\u00fc<\/strong>\u00a0olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kul\u00fcp, ortak bir mal veya hizmet \u00fcretmenin maliyetlerini payla\u015fmaktan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 fayda elde eden g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc bir gruptur. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir kul\u00fcb\u00fcn kazan\u0131m\u0131, \u00fcyelerin aidat \u00f6deyece\u011fi<\/strong> ve \u00fcyeli\u011fin avantajlar\u0131<\/strong>ndan yararlanmak i\u00e7in kul\u00fcp kurallar\u0131na uyacak<\/strong> kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130klim Kul\u00fcb\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019n\u00fcn onu \u00f6nceki \u00e7abalardan ay\u0131racak iki temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Birincisi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 \u00fclkelerin bir iklim hedefi<\/strong>ni (iki derece s\u0131cakl\u0131k limiti gibi) kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f uyumlu emisyon azalt\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmeyi kabul etmeleridir. \u0130kinci ve kritik fark, kat\u0131lmayan veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmeyen uluslara ceza uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Kyoto Protokol\u00fc<\/strong> ve Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131f\u0131r ceza tarifesine sahip rejimler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Hem tarih hem de modelleme olarak bunlar minimal azalt\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, analiz \u2013 ne yaz\u0131k ki, tarihin teyit etti\u011fi \u015fekilde \u2013 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 iklim anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131n \u00e7ok az ba\u015faraca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor; Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>n\u0131n iddial\u0131 hedeflerini kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131lamayacaklar.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma<\/strong>y\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde yava\u015flatmak i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok ad\u0131m vard\u0131r. \u00dcretken bir stratejinin merkezi bir par\u00e7as\u0131, eylemlerin sadece ulusal veya yerel de\u011fil, k\u00fcresel olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Etkili koordinasyon i\u00e7in en iyi umut, kat\u0131lmayan \u00fclkeleri cezaland\u0131rmak<\/strong> i\u00e7in emisyonlar\u0131 ve mekanizmalar\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in<\/strong> g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ad\u0131mlar atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir uluslar koalisyonu olan \u0130klim Kul\u00fcb\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019d\u00fcr. Bu, ge\u00e7mi\u015f iklim m\u00fczakerelerinin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015fan radikal bir teklif olsa da, kamu g\u00fcndemine ili\u015fkin ba\u015fka bir plan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc uluslararas\u0131<\/strong> eylem s\u00f6z\u00fc vermez.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: \u201cThe Climate Club: How to Fix a Failing Global Effort\u201d,\u00a0Foreign Affairs<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Yay\u0131na Haz\u0131rlayan: D\u00fcnya Enerji Konseyi \/ T\u00fcrk Milli Komitesi<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi bug\u00fcn uluslar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre sorunudur ve giderek uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki ana sorunlardan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yine de, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":112689,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53,52],"tags":[37532,67254,52259,26559,41159,55459,70904,11933,70903,78,57125,70901,70902,793],"views":161,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112687"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112687"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112687\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/112689"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}