{"id":103830,"date":"2019-11-30T21:26:41","date_gmt":"2019-11-30T18:26:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?p=103830"},"modified":"2019-12-01T12:53:21","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T09:53:21","slug":"idoda-yakit-tasarrufuyla-cevreci-enerji-teknolojisi-kullanim-kosullarini-degerlendirme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/idoda-yakit-tasarrufuyla-cevreci-enerji-teknolojisi-kullanim-kosullarini-degerlendirme\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) \u0130DO’da Yak\u0131t Tasarrufuyla \u00c7evreci Enerji Tek. Kullan\u0131m Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 De\u011ferlendirme"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri (\u0130DO) Feribotlar\u0131nda Yak\u0131t Tasarruflu ve \u00c7evreye Daha Duyarl\u0131 Alternatif Enerji Teknolojilerinin Olas\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/strong><\/h1>\n

‘EEMKON 2019<\/strong> Kent ve Elektrik Sempozyumu’ bildirimi olan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma detaylar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dad\u0131r;<\/span><\/p>\n

Berfin \u015eahin1<\/sup>, Melis Ate\u015f1<\/sup>, \u00d6zdemir Alp Topalak2<\/sup>, F\u00fcsun Tut Hakl\u0131d\u0131r1<\/sup>, M. Emre Erdem2<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup><\/em>\u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi, Enerji Sistemleri M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Santral Kamp\u00fcs, Ey\u00fcp \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

2<\/sup><\/em>\u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi, Makine M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Santral Kamp\u00fcs, Ey\u00fcp \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

berfin.sahin@bilgiedu.net<\/em><\/a>; <\/em>melis.ates@bilgiedu.net; alp.topalak@bilgi.edu.tr<\/em><\/a>; <\/em>fusun.tut@bilgi.edu.tr<\/em><\/a>; emre.erdem@bilgi.edu.tr<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri (\u0130DO)<\/strong> hem \u0130stanbul i\u00e7i hem de \u015fehirler aras\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolcu ve arabal\u0131 vapur seferleri sayesinde toplum i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ancak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde artan yak\u0131t fiyatlar\u0131 \u015firketler aras\u0131ndaki rekabet azalmaktad\u0131r. Yak\u0131t fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sebebiyle tasarruf yoluna gidilmesi gerekmektedir. Buna dayanarak \u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri i\u00e7in hem harcanan yak\u0131ttan tasarruf ettirecek hem de a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan emisyon miktar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 senaryolar de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir ve de\u011ferlendirilen kriterlere g\u00f6re en verimli olacak senaryo se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. De\u011ferlendirilen senaryolar s\u0131ras\u0131yla; g\u00fcne\u015f panellerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131, r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbini teknolojileri, batarya sistemleri, yak\u0131t pili teknolojileri ve gaz t\u00fcrbini teknolojileridir. Bunlar ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, gerekli b\u00fct\u00e7e ve tasarruf hesaplar\u0131 yap\u0131larak uygun olan teknolojiyi belirlemek ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan hesaplarda geminin mevcut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi, ek olarak kullan\u0131lmak istenen her teknoloji i\u00e7in gemiye eklenecek olan ekipmanlar\u0131n kaplayacaklar\u0131 alanlar ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hesaplamalar ve alternatif enerji teknolojileri<\/strong>nin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda ak\u00fc sisteminin mevcut sisteme eklenmesi<\/strong> kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ak\u00fc sisteminin gemiye entegrasyonu<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu entegrasyona g\u00f6re kullan\u0131lacak pil say\u0131s\u0131, saha hesab\u0131, b\u00fct\u00e7e hesab\u0131 ve yak\u0131t tasarrufu hesaplar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, lityum-iyon pil e\u015fde\u011fer devre modellerine<\/strong> bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, dinamik performans ve \u015farj durumu tahmini a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mevcut ko\u015fullara da en uygun modelin \u00e7ift polarizasyon modeli<\/strong> oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6nce deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in okyanuslar\u0131, nehirleri ve denizleri karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re fazla \u00fcr\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131nabilmesi, daha uzak mesafelere gidilmesine olanak sa\u011flamas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (UNCTAD, 2017). G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda is artan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k hacmi hem fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n maliyetlerinin hem de \u00e7evreye zarar veren emisyonlar\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131 nedeniyle alternatif yak\u0131t ve ara\u00e7 teknolojilerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fini do\u011furmu\u015ftur (Deniz ve Zincir, 2016). Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha h\u0131zl\u0131 t\u00fcketilmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 enerji krizlerine yol a\u00e7abilmektedir. Yak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda ve i\u015flendiklerinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan zararl\u0131 sera etkisi yaratmaya m\u00fcsait gazlar sonucunda ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkileri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu etkileri en aza indirebilmek amac\u0131yla yenilenebilir, daha \u00e7evre dostu enerji kaynaklar ve ara\u00e7 teknolojileri kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemi fark edilmi\u015f olup, bununla ilgili m\u00fchendislik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 otomotiv sanayiinde ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren h\u0131zla devam etmektedir (TEHAD, 2019). Sadece alternatif yak\u0131t ve ara\u00e7 teknolojileri<\/strong> de\u011fil, enerji depolama da<\/strong> bu alanda da \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere b\u00fcy\u00fck bir metropol kentidir ve n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak toplu ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirlerden biridir. Trafik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok yo\u011fun olan \u0130stanbul i\u00e7in yak\u0131t ve emisyondan yap\u0131lacak olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tasarruf da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde elektrikli ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131na olan talep artmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, kullan\u0131lan enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 konusunda halen tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yenilenebilir enerjiden \u00fcretildi\u011finde yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fcksek oranda<\/strong> azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve emisyonlar\u0131n ciddi miktarlarda<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fi, \u00e7evre dostu teknolojilerin<\/strong> ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Navarro vd., 2019). D\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de elektrikli ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r fakat bu oran d\u00fcnyada 4 milyon rakam\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015fken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu say\u0131 1000\u2019in alt\u0131ndad\u0131r (TEHAD, 2019). Bu nedenle, elektrikli ara\u00e7 teknolojileri ve yenilenebilir enerjiye daha fazla te\u015fvik sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong> gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Hali haz\u0131rda d\u00fcnyada hidrojenli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n, r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131 teknolojileri de geli\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda \u0130DO feribotlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak, farkl\u0131 teknolojilerin kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019un en b\u00fcy\u00fck feribot i\u015fletmelerinden \u0130DO, bo\u011faz\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131ndaki limanlara, Karadeniz\u2019e ve \u00e7evresinde sahip oldu\u011fu yolcu, araba ve yolcu feribotlar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 katamaran tipli gemiler kullanmaktad\u0131r (\u015eekil.1).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u0130\u00e7in Se\u00e7ilen \u0130DO Arac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130DO\u2019DA KULLANILAN MEVCUT ARA\u00c7 TEKNOLOJ\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Proje kapsam\u0131nda incelenen Harem \u2013 Sirkeci hatt\u0131<\/strong> \u00fczerinde i\u015fletilen Sultanahmet Arabal\u0131 Vapuru, hibrit bir sisteme sahiptir. Dizel \u2013 elektrik kombinasyonu olan bu sistem; her biri 580 kWh ve 1500 devirde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 4 adet dizel motor sistemi, 2 adet elektrik motor sistemi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Toplamda 2320 kWh enerji \u00fcretilmektedir ve bunun 1200 kWh kadar\u0131 bir gidi\u015f geli\u015f s\u00fcresince harcanmaktad\u0131r. Her dizel motor sistemi 50 litre\/saat yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Geminin ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi ise 2050 tondur (\u015eekil.2) .<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada Kullan\u0131lan \u0130DO Arac\u0131n\u0131n Elektrik Motor Dairesi<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu deneyde, ABC 8MDX tipi, 4 motorlu, turbo \u015farjl\u0131, dahili so\u011futma, 883 kW motor g\u00fcc\u00fc, 198 g\/kWh yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi ile 850 devir\/dakika motor h\u0131z\u0131 olan gemide yak\u0131t olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc i\u00e7eren dizel yak\u0131t kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emisyon verileri de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir (\u015eekil3).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

SE\u00c7\u0130LEN \u0130DO ARACINA FARKLI YAKIT VE ENERJ\u0130 TEKNOLOJ\u0130LER\u0130N\u0130N ADAPTASYON SENARYOLARININ DE\u011eERLEND\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen \u0130DO arac\u0131nda kullan\u0131lma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi be\u015f senaryo \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Senaryolardan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde emisyon miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015f, r\u00fczgar ve hidrojen yak\u0131t pili sistemleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, gaz motoru ve dizel motora batarya sisteminin eklenmesi ko\u015fullar\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Senaryo 1: <\/strong>G\u00fcne\u015f Panel Sistemi Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/em><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan hesaplamalarda gemi i\u00e7in toplan 3243 adet solar panel gerekmektedir. Paneller i\u00e7in gerekli bo\u015f alan yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 6293 m2<\/sup> olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm paneller toplamda 71,346 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve hesaplamalar sonucunda, geminin kurulacak panel sistemi ve ekipmanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bo\u015f alana sahip olmamas\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00e7e olarak uygunsuzlu\u011fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, bu sistem tercih edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Senaryo 2: <\/strong>R\u00fczgar T\u00fcrbin Sistemi Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/em><\/p>\n

Geminin ihtiyac\u0131 olan enerjinin \u00fcretilebilmesi i\u00e7in portatif r\u00fczgar sistemleri yerine normal boyutlardaki sistemlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 daha uygun olacakt\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 400 adet r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbinine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Fakat geminin yeterli alan\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcrbinlerin verimlili\u011finin maksimum d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yerle\u015ftirilecek lokasyonlar\u0131n uygunsuzlu\u011fu ve b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu sistem tercih edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Senaryo 3:<\/em><\/strong> Hidrojen Yak\u0131t Pili Sistemi:<\/em><\/p>\n

En verimli olan Proton De\u011fi\u015fim Zar\u0131 Yak\u0131t H\u00fccresi (PEM)<\/strong> teknolojisi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kumar ve Himabindu, 2019). 80 \u2103 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta i\u015fleme ba\u015flayabilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan hesaplamalarda 1200 adet yak\u0131t pili ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Toplam a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 4920 ton olup 8.627.724 m2<\/sup> alan kaplamaktad\u0131r. Bu sistem kullan\u0131m\u0131 ekonomik olarak uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de ekipmanlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesini zorlamas\u0131 ve ekipmanlar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fi alan\u0131n yetersizli\u011finden dolay\u0131 bu sistem tercih edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Senaryo 4:<\/strong> Gaz T\u00fcrbini + Elektrik Motor Sistemi:<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu sistem i\u00e7in gemideki dizel motorlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr fakat, geminin ilk hareketi dizel motorun tahrik sistemiyle oldu\u011fundan ve gaz motor sisteminin \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 olup b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na sebep olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu sistem tercih edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Senaryo 5:<\/strong> Batarya Sistemi Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/em><\/p>\n

Mevcut sistemden dolay\u0131 (dizel motor + elektrik motor) batarya sisteminin gemiye entegre edilmesi yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi, emisyon azaltmas\u0131 ve maliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda Norve\u00e7li bir firman\u0131n tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Norwegian Electric Systems, 2019). Yap\u0131lan hesaplamalarda 4012 adet pil gerekti\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bunun i\u00e7in ise gerekli alan 325 m2<\/sup>\u2019dir. Geminin \u00fcretti\u011fi 2320 kWh elektri\u011fin 1200 kWh kadar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmakta olup, kalan 1120 kWh\u2019lik k\u0131s\u0131m batarya sistemi ile depolanarak her a\u00e7\u0131dan tasarruf sa\u011flan\u0131p daha verimli bir sistem haline getirilmesi hedeflenmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n sonucunda ideal ko\u015fullarda ortalama %70 bir yak\u0131t tasarrufu ve yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak %6\u2019l\u0131k bir SOx<\/sub> emisyon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131nda azalma beklenmektedir (\u015eekil.4).<\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eekil 4. Se\u00e7ilen Senaryonun Entegrasyon Ak\u0131\u015f \u015eemas\u0131<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7LAR VE TARTI\u015eMALAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda t\u00fcm de\u011ferlendirilen ve ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan senaryolar bir tablo i\u00e7erisinde verimlilik, maliyet, emisyon ve yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi kriterlerine g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tablo 1; \u015eahin vd., 2019). Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, her senaryo i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen sistemin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemelerin \u00f6zellikleri, maliyetleri vb. kriterler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, Tablo.1 son k\u0131sm\u0131nda ilgili senaryonun neden se\u00e7ilemedi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, her senaryonun en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek, her biri aras\u0131nda daha \u015feffaf bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapabilmek ve uygun senaryoyu en hatas\u0131z \u015fekilde belirlemek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Se\u00e7ilen senaryoya g\u00f6re, yak\u0131ttan sa\u011flanan b\u00fcy\u00fck orandaki tasarruf, emisyon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da azaltmaktad\u0131r. Bu sayede \u015firket b\u00fct\u00e7esi i\u00e7erisinde yak\u0131t al\u0131m\u0131na ayr\u0131lan miktar daha az olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Yap\u0131lan tasarruflar\u0131n biriktirilmesiyle di\u011fer mevcut olan gemilere de bu sistem entegre edilerek daha fazla tasarruf sa\u011flan\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 zamanda da \u0130DO\u2019nun daha \u00e7evre dostu bir ula\u015f\u0131m \u015firketi olunabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

TE\u015eEKK\u00dcR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu projenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda paylar\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olan ve yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 esirgemeyen \u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri Yak\u0131t ve \u00c7evre M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Say\u0131n Yavuz \u00c7ATAL ve Sultanahmet Arabal\u0131 Vapuru Ba\u015f M\u00fchendisi Say\u0131n Mustafa YAMADA\u011e\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimizi sunar\u0131z.<\/p>\n

REFERANSLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Deniz, C., Zincir, B. Environmental and Economical Asssesment of Alternative Marine Fuels. Journal of Cleaner Production, V.113. 438-449.<\/p>\n

2- Ergin, S., Durmaz, M., Kalender, S. (2017). An Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Fuel Additivite on the Exhaust Emissions of a Ferry. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M, Journal of Engineering fort he Maritime Environment.<\/p>\n

3- Navarro D.J.A, Lopez, R. D., Loyo, J.M.Y, Sevil, A. J.S., Agustin, B. J.L. 2019. Design of an electric vehicle fast-charging station with integration of renewable energy and storage systems. International Journal of Electrical Power& Energy Systems V.105. 46-58.<\/p>\n

4- Norwegian Electric Systems, 2019. Odin`s Eye, Electric Propulsion https:\/\/www.norwegianelectric.com\/products\/odins-eye\/<\/a><\/p>\n

5- Kumar, S.S., Himabindu, V. 2019. Hydrogen Production by PEM water electrolysis- A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, V.2:3, 442-454.<\/p>\n

6- \u015eahin, B., Ate\u015f, M., & Topalak, \u00d6 A. (2019).\u00a0\u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri (\u0130DO) Feribotlar\u0131nda Yak\u0131t Tasarruflu ve \u00c7evreye Daha Duyarl\u0131 Alternatif Enerji Teknolojilerinin Olas\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi. Tez, (Enerji Sistemleri M\u00fchendisli\u011fi & Makine M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri) \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi, 138 sayfa.<\/p>\n

7- TEHAD, 2019. T\u00fcrkiye Elektrikli ve Hibrit Ara\u00e7lar Platformu Manifestosu; http:\/\/tehad.org\/manifesto\/<\/a><\/p>\n

8- UNCTAD, 2017. Review of Maritime Transport report, UN, Newyork, 130 s.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. \u0130stanbul Deniz Otob\u00fcsleri (\u0130DO) Feribotlar\u0131nda Yak\u0131t Tasarruflu ve \u00c7evreye Daha Duyarl\u0131 Alternatif Enerji Teknolojilerinin Olas\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi ‘EEMKON 2019 Kent ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":103831,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[51,53,44],"tags":[62009,24719,61999,62003,61994,61991,61242,61998,62002,2625,52259,2384,61996,62006,62000,62001,57231,61989,61992,62010,61993,62008,62007,62004,62005,61995,61990,61997],"views":1237,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103830"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103830\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}