{"id":3745,"date":"2012-11-22T14:37:27","date_gmt":"2012-11-22T11:37:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/?page_id=3745"},"modified":"2012-11-22T15:11:20","modified_gmt":"2012-11-22T12:11:20","slug":"gunes-enerjisi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/enerji-kutuphanesi\/yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklari\/gunes-enerjisi\/","title":{"rendered":"(Turkish) G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish<\/a>. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language.<\/p>

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G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, g\u00fcne\u015fin \u00e7ekirde\u011finde yer alan f\u00fczyon s\u00fcreci ile (hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n helyuma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi) a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131ma enerjisidir. D\u00fcnya atmosferinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin \u015fiddeti, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 1370 W\/m\u00b2 de\u011ferindedir, ancak yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan miktar\u0131 atmosferden dolay\u0131 0-1100 W\/m2 de\u011ferleri aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. Bu enerjinin d\u00fcnyaya gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc dahi, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcut enerji t\u00fcketiminden kat kat fazlad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden yararlanma konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6zellikle 1970’lerden sonra h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi sistemleri teknolojik olarak ilerleme ve maliyet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015f, \u00e7evresel olarak temiz bir enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kendini kabul ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya ile G\u00fcne\u015f aras\u0131ndaki mesafe 150 milyon km’dir. D\u00fcnya’ya g\u00fcne\u015ften gelen enerji, D\u00fcnya’da bir y\u0131lda kullan\u0131lan enerjinin 20 bin kat\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 yer y\u00fczeyine ula\u015famaz, %30 kadar\u0131 atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan geriye yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %50’si atmosferi ge\u00e7erek d\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyine ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu enerji ile D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckselir ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fam m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. R\u00fczg\u00e2r hareketlerine ve okyanus dalgalanmalar\u0131na da bu \u0131s\u0131nma neden olur.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015ften gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %20’si atmosfer ve bulutlarda tutulur.<\/p>\n

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Yery\u00fczeyine gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %1’den az\u0131 bitkiler taraf\u0131ndan fotosentez olay\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bitkiler, fotosentez s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte karbondioksit ve su kullanarak, oksijen ve \u015feker \u00fcretirler. Fotosentez, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bitkisel ya\u015fam\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.G\u00fcne\u015f, n\u00fckleer enerji d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn enerjilerin dolayl\u0131 veya direkt kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi teknolojileri y\u00f6ntem, malzeme ve teknolojik d\u00fczey a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6stermekle birlikte iki ana gruba ayr\u0131labilir:
\nFotovoltaik G\u00fcne\u015f Teknolojisi:\u00a0 Fotovoltaik h\u00fccreler denen yar\u0131-iletken malzemeler g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan elektri\u011fe \u00e7evirirler.
\nIs\u0131l G\u00fcne\u015f Teknolojileri:\u00a0 Bu sistemlerde \u00f6ncelikle g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u0131s\u0131 elde edilir. Bu \u0131s\u0131 do\u011frudan kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi elektrik \u00fcretiminde de kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Fotovoltaik H\u00fccreler
\nG\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri (fotovoltaik h\u00fccreler), y\u00fczeylerine gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren yar\u0131iletken maddelerdir. Y\u00fczeyleri kare, dikd\u00f6rtgen, daire \u015feklinde bi\u00e7imlendirilen g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri alanlar\u0131 genellikle 100 cm\u00b2 civar\u0131nda, kal\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 ise 0,1- 0,4 mm aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri fotovoltaik ilkeye dayal\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar, yani \u00fczerlerine \u0131\u015f\u0131k d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman u\u00e7lar\u0131nda elektrik gerilimi olu\u015fur. H\u00fccrenin verdi\u011fi elektrik enerjisinin kayna\u011f\u0131, y\u00fczeyine gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisidir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresinin yap\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak % 5 ile % 30 aras\u0131nda bir verimle elektrik enerjisine \u00e7evrilebilir. G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi birbirine paralel ya da seri ba\u011flanarak bir y\u00fczey \u00fczerine monte edilir, bu yap\u0131ya g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi mod\u00fcl\u00fc ya da fotovoltaik mod\u00fcl ad\u0131 verilir. G\u00fc\u00e7 talebine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak mod\u00fcller birbirlerine seri ya da paralel ba\u011flanarak bir ka\u00e7 Watt’tan MEGA Watt’lara kadar sistem olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

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Fotovoltaik H\u00fccrelerinin Yap\u0131m\u0131nda Kullan\u0131lan Malzemeler
\nFotovoltaik h\u00fccreler pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 maddeden yararlanarak \u00fcretilebilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan maddeler \u015funlard\u0131r:
\nKristal Silisyum:\u00a0 \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp daha sonra 150-200 mikron kal\u0131nl\u0131kta ince tabakalar halinde dilimlenen Tek kristal Silisyum bloklardan \u00fcretilen g\u00fcne\u015f pillerinde laboratuar \u015fartlar\u0131nda %24, ticari mod\u00fcllerde ise %15’in \u00fczerinde verim elde edilmektedir. D\u00f6kme silisyum bloklardan dilimlenerek elde edilen \u00c7ok kristal Silisyum g\u00fcne\u015f pilleri ise daha ucuza \u00fcretilmekte, ancak verim de %2-5 kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmaktad\u0131r. Verim, laboratuar \u015fartlar\u0131nda %18, ticari mod\u00fcllerde ise %14 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\nGalyum Arsenit(GaAs):\u00a0 Bu malzemeyle laboratuar \u015fartlar\u0131nda %25 ve %28 (optik yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131) verim elde edilmektedir. Di\u011fer yar\u0131iletkenlerle birlikte olu\u015fturulan \u00e7ok eklemli GaAs pillerde %30 verim elde edilmi\u015ftir. GaAs g\u00fcne\u015f pilleri uzay uygulamalar\u0131nda ve optik yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 sistemlerde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nAmorf Silisyum:\u00a0 Kristal yap\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermeyen bu Si pillerden elde edilen verim %10 dolay\u0131nda, ticari mod\u00fcllerde ise %5-7 mertebesindedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck elektronik cihazlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan amorf silisyum direkt g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 az olan b\u00f6lgelerde de santral uygulamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Amorf silisyumun bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli uygulama sahas\u0131 ise binalara entegre yar\u0131saydam cam y\u00fczeyler, bina d\u0131\u015f koruyucusu ve enerji \u00fcreteci uygulamalar\u0131d\u0131r.
\nKadmiyum Tell\u00fcrid(CdTe):\u00a0 \u00c7ok kristal yap\u0131da bir malzeme olan CdTe ile g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccre maliyetinin \u00e7ok a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lara \u00e7ekilece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Laboratuar tipi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccrelerde %16, ticari tip mod\u00fcllerde ise %7 civar\u0131nda verim elde edilmektedir.
\nBak\u0131r \u0130ndiyum Diselenid(CuInSe2):\u00a0 Bu \u00e7okkristal h\u00fccre laboratuar \u015fartlar\u0131nda %17,7 ve enerji \u00fcretimi ama\u00e7l\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan prototip bir mod\u00fclde ise %10,2 verim elde edilmi\u015ftir.
\nOptik Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 H\u00fccreler:\u00a0 Gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 10-500 kat oranlarda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131ran mercekli veya yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 ara\u00e7larla mod\u00fcl verimi %20’nin, h\u00fccre verimi ise %30’un \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilmektedir. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar basit ve ucuz plastik malzemeden veya camdan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Laboratuarlarda ula\u015f\u0131lan en y\u00fcksek h\u00fccre verimleri 1 cm 2 ‘lik h\u00fccre alan\u0131 i\u00e7in:
\nKristalsi g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccresi i\u00e7in: %24.5
\nPolikristalsi : %19.8
\nAmorfsi : %12.7
\n\u00c7ok Katl\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f H\u00fccreleri : %40<\/p>\n

Son Y\u0131llarda \u00dczerinde \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan G\u00fcne\u015f Pilleri
\nTicari ortama girmi\u015f olan geleneksel Si g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccrelerinin yerini alabilecek verimleri ayn\u0131 ama \u00fcretim teknolojileri daha kolay ve daha ucuz olan g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri \u00fczerinde de son y\u0131llarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunlar; fotoelektrokimyasal \u00e7ok kristalli Titanyum Dioksit h\u00fccreler, polimer yap\u0131l\u0131 Plastik h\u00fccreler ve g\u00fcne\u015f spektrumunun \u00e7e\u015fitli dalga boylar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde \u00fcretilebilen enerji bant aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip Kuantum g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri gibi yeni teknolojilerdir.<\/p>\n

Fotovoltaik Sistemler
\nG\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri, elektrik enerjisinin gerekli oldu\u011fu her uygulamada kullan\u0131labilir. fotovoltaik mod\u00fcller uygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rler, invert\u00f6rler, ak\u00fc \u015farj denetim ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli elektronik destek devreleri ile birlikte kullan\u0131larak bir fotovoltaik sistemi olu\u015ftururlar. Bu sistemler, ge\u00e7mi\u015f zamanlarda sadece yerle\u015fim yerlerinden uzak, elektrik \u015febekesi olmayan y\u00f6relerde, jenerat\u00f6re yak\u0131t ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n zor ve pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, art\u0131k \u015febeke ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olan yerle\u015fim yerlerinde de \u015febeke ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak evlerin \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131na ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli santral uygulamalar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dizel jenerat\u00f6rler ya da ba\u015fka g\u00fc\u00e7 sistemleri ile birlikte karma olarak kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u015eebekeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z sistemlerde yeterli say\u0131da fotovoltaik mod\u00fcl, enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015fin yetersiz oldu\u011fu zamanlarda ya da \u00f6zellikle gece s\u00fcresince kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere genellikle sistemde ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6r bulundurulur. Fotovoltaik mod\u00fcller g\u00fcn boyunca elektrik enerjisi \u00fcreterek bunu ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rde depolar, y\u00fcke gerekli olan enerji ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rden al\u0131n\u0131r. Ak\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015farj ve de\u015farj olarak zarar g\u00f6rmesini engellemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan denetim birimi ise ak\u00fcn\u00fcn durumuna g\u00f6re, ya fotovoltaik mod\u00fcllerden gelen ak\u0131m\u0131 ya da y\u00fck\u00fcn \u00e7ekti\u011fi ak\u0131m\u0131 keser. \u015eebeke uyumlu alternatif ak\u0131m elektri\u011finin gerekli oldu\u011fu uygulamalarda, sisteme bir invert\u00f6r eklenerek ak\u00fcm\u00fclat\u00f6rdeki DC gerilim, 220 V, 50 Hz.lik sin\u00fcs dalgas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Benzer \u015fekilde, uygulaman\u0131n \u015fekline g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli destek elektronik devreler sisteme kat\u0131labilir. Baz\u0131 sistemlerde, fotovoltaik mod\u00fcllerin maksimum g\u00fc\u00e7 noktas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan maksimum g\u00fc\u00e7 noktas\u0131 izleyici cihazda bulunur. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u015febekeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir fotovoltaik sistemin \u015femas\u0131 verilmektedir.
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\u015eebeke ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 fotovoltaik sistemler y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7te-satral boyutunda sistemler \u015feklinde olabilece\u011fi gibi daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen uygulamas\u0131 binalarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kullan\u0131m \u015feklindedir. Bu sistemlerde \u00f6rne\u011fin bir konutun elektrik gereksinimi kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken, \u00fcretilen fazla enerji elektrik \u015febekesine verilir, yeterli enerjinin \u00fcretilmedi\u011fi durumlarda ise \u015febekeden enerji al\u0131n\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir sistemde enerji depolamas\u0131 yapmaya gerek yoktur, yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretilen DC elektri\u011fin, AC elektri\u011fe \u00e7evrilmesi ve \u015febeke uyumlu olmas\u0131 yeterlidir.<\/p>\n

Fotovoltaik sistemlerin \u015febekeden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z (stand-alone) olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tipik uygulama alanlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n– Haberle\u015fme istasyonlar\u0131, k\u0131rsal radyo, telsiz ve telefon sistemleri
\n– Petrol boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n katodik korumas\u0131
\n– Metal yap\u0131lar\u0131n (k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, kuleler vb) korozyondan korumas\u0131
\n– Elektrik ve su da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sistemlerinde yap\u0131lan telemetrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler, hava g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131
\n– Bina i\u00e7i ya da d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatma
\n– Da\u011fevleri ya da yerle\u015fim yerlerinden uzaktaki evlerde TV, radyo, buzdolab\u0131 gibi elektrikli ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\n– Tar\u0131msal sulama ya da ev kullan\u0131m\u0131 amac\u0131yla su pompaj\u0131
\n– Orman g\u00f6zetleme kuleleri
\n– Deniz fenerleri
\n– \u0130lkyard\u0131m, alarm ve g\u00fcvenlik sistemleri
\n– Deprem ve hava g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131
\n– \u0130la\u00e7 ve a\u015f\u0131 so\u011futma<\/p>\n

Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 Fotovoltaik Sistemler
\nSilisyum bazl\u0131 d\u00fczlemsel fotovoltaik malzemeden olu\u015fan h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyine \u00e7arpan g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sistemlerde kullan\u0131lan malzeme ve h\u00fccre alan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck, verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr bu da maliyeti art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Silisyum olmayan ince film veya CPV (yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 fotovoltaik) teknolojileri ile silisyum veya di\u011fer yar\u0131iletken malzemenin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece, fosil yak\u0131tlardan olu\u015fan geleneksel \u015febeke elektri\u011fi ile g\u00fcne\u015f santral sistemlerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi elektrik rekabet edebilecektir. \u0130nce film teknolojilerinin \u00fcretimi ucuz olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, daha nadir kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kaynak malzemenin (Ga, In gibi) pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131, verimli ve g\u00fcvenilir olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Di\u011fer yandan, CPV teknolojisi, daha az malzeme kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyat, y\u00fcksek verim ve daha etkin pratik bir yol sunmaktad\u0131r. Optik yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar (CPV), g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alan kaplayan (1 cm2) h\u00fccrenin \u00fczerine odaklar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. CPV teknolojilerinde pahal\u0131 olmayan aynalar ve mercekler gibi optik malzemeler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

CPV yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131daki \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hedef alana bir PV yar\u0131iletken malzeme yerle\u015ftirilir, di\u011fer d\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccrelerine g\u00f6re daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alana merceklerle sa\u011flanan daha y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluktaki \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile daha y\u00fcksek verimde enerji \u00fcretimi sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Burada kullan\u0131lan PV malzeme Si dan 10 kat daha pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen y\u00fcksek verim ve az malzeme kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 toplam maliyet daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

CPV sisteminde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok eklemli g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccreleri, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm veriminin artmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re; \u00e7ok eklemli g\u00fcne\u015f h\u00fccrelerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla verimi % 40 \u2018a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ok eklemli PV sistemler, g\u00fcne\u015f spektrumunun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini daha verimli bir \u015fekilde elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/p>\n

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Yukar\u0131daki resimde geleneksel PV mod\u00fclden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ince, d\u00fczlemsel, y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131 bir CPV mod\u00fcl \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu CPV mod\u00fcllerin d\u00fczlemsel PV ler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda avantajlar\u0131:
\n\u2022 Verilen bir alana d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00fcretilen ayn\u0131 miktardaki enerji i\u00e7in, di\u011fer PV sistemlere g\u00f6re aktif yar\u0131iletken malzemenin maliyeti 1\/1000 i kadard\u0131r.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015ften \u00fcretilen elektri\u011fin fiyat\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan azd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 D\u00fczlemsel PV nin veriminin iki kat\u0131 verime sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Fotovoltaik Mod\u00fcl Verimi<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnyada \u00d6nemli PV Pazar\u0131na Sahip \u00dclkeler<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnyadaki Durum
\n2011 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla kurulan en b\u00fcy\u00fck PV santrali Hindistan \u2018da GUJARAT SOLAR PARK\u2019ta 239 MW, GOLMUD SOLAR PARK \u2018ta 200 MW, ayr\u0131ca 2019\u2019 da bitirilmesi planlanan; \u00c7in \u2018de 2000 MW \u2018l\u0131k bir PV santral projesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kristal PV teknolojisine dayal\u0131 bir MW \u2018l\u0131k santral i\u00e7in, 15- 20 d\u00f6n\u00fcm, ince film PV santral i\u00e7in ise, 25- 30 d\u00f6n\u00fcm alana ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Fotovoltaik H\u00fccrelerin Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Prensipleri
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz elektronik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde kullan\u0131lan transist\u00f6rler, do\u011frultucu diyotlar gibi fotovoltaik h\u00fccreler de, yar\u0131-iletken maddelerden yap\u0131l\u0131rlar. Yar\u0131-iletken \u00f6zellik g\u00f6steren bir\u00e7ok madde aras\u0131nda fotovoltaik h\u00fccre yapmak i\u00e7in en elveri\u015fli olanlar, silisyum, galyum arsenit, kadmiyum tell\u00fcr gibi maddelerdir.<\/p>\n

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Yar\u0131-iletken maddelerin fotovoltaik h\u00fccre olarak kullan\u0131labilmeleri i\u00e7in n ya da p tipi katk\u0131lanmalar\u0131 gereklidir. Katk\u0131lama, saf yar\u0131iletken eriyik i\u00e7erisine istenilen katk\u0131 maddelerinin kontroll\u00fc olarak eklenmesiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Elde edilen yar\u0131-iletkenin n ya da p tipi olmas\u0131 katk\u0131 maddesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f pili maddesi olarak kullan\u0131lan silisyumdan n tipi silisyum elde etmek i\u00e7in silisyum eriyi\u011fine periyodik cetvelin 5. grubundan bir element, \u00f6rne\u011fin fosfor eklenir. Silisyum’un d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde 4, fosforun d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde 5 elektron oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, fosforun fazla olan tek elektronu kristal yap\u0131ya bir elektron verir. Bu nedenle V. grup elementlerine ‘verici’ ya da ‘n tipi’ katk\u0131 maddesi denir.<\/p>\n

P tipi silisyum elde etmek i\u00e7in ise, eriyi\u011fe 3. gruptan bir element (al\u00fcminyum, indiyum, bor gibi) eklenir. Bu elementlerin son y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinde 3 elektron oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kristalde bir elektron eksikli\u011fi olu\u015fur, bu elektron yoklu\u011funa hol ya da bo\u015fluk denir ve pozitif y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr maddelere de ‘p tipi’ ya da ‘al\u0131c\u0131’ katk\u0131 maddeleri denir.<\/p>\n

P ve N tipi katk\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f malzemeler bir araya getirildi\u011finde yar\u0131iletken eklemler olu\u015fturulur. N tipi yar\u0131iletkende elektronlar, p tipi yar\u0131iletkende holler \u00e7o\u011funluk ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. P ve N tipi yar\u0131iletkenler bir araya gelmeden \u00f6nce, her iki madde de elektriksel bak\u0131mdan n\u00f6trd\u00fcr. Yani P tipinde negatif enerji seviyeleri ile hol say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fit, n tipinde pozitif enerji seviyeleri ile elektron say\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fittir. PN eklem olu\u015ftu\u011funda, N tipindeki \u00e7o\u011funluk ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan elektronlar, P tipine do\u011fru ak\u0131m olu\u015ftururlar. Bu olay her iki tarafta da y\u00fck dengesi olu\u015fana kadar devam eder. PN tipi maddenin ara y\u00fczeyinde, yani eklem b\u00f6lgesinde, P b\u00f6lgesi taraf\u0131nda negatif, N b\u00f6lgesi taraf\u0131nda pozitif y\u00fck birikir. Bu eklem b\u00f6lgesine ‘ge\u00e7i\u015f b\u00f6lgesi’ ya da ‘y\u00fckten ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lge’ denir. Bu b\u00f6lgede olu\u015fan elektrik alan ‘yap\u0131sal elektrik alan (Ey)’ olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da PN eklemin olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u015fematize edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Yar\u0131iletken eklemin fotovoltaik h\u00fccre olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in eklem b\u00f6lgesinde fotovoltaik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm iki a\u015famada olur, ilk olarak, eklem b\u00f6lgesine \u0131\u015f\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek elektron-hol \u00e7iftleri olu\u015fturulur, ikinci olarak ise, bunlar b\u00f6lgedeki elektrik alan yard\u0131m\u0131yla birbirlerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yar\u0131iletkenler, bir yasak enerji aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lan iki enerji band\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bu bandlar Valans band\u0131 ve \u0130letkenlik band\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar. Bu yasak enerji aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fit veya daha b\u00fcy\u00fck enerjili bir foton, yar\u0131iletken taraf\u0131ndan so\u011furuldu\u011fu zaman, enerjisini Valans band\u0131ndaki bir elektrona vererek, elektronun iletkenlik band\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece, elektron-hol \u00e7ifti olu\u015fur. Bu olay, pn eklem fotovoltaik h\u00fccrenin ara y\u00fczeyinde meydana gelmi\u015f ise elektron-hol \u00e7iftleri buradaki elektrik alan taraf\u0131ndan birbirlerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde fotovoltaik h\u00fccre, elektronlar\u0131 n b\u00f6lgesine, holleri de p b\u00f6lgesine iten bir pompa gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lan elektron-hol \u00e7iftleri, fotovoltaik h\u00fccrenin u\u00e7lar\u0131nda yararl\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 yeniden bir fotonun h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyine \u00e7arpmas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam eder. Yar\u0131iletkenin i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda da, gelen fotonlar taraf\u0131ndan elektron-hol \u00e7iftleri olu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r. Fakat gerekli elektrik alan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tekrar birle\u015ferek kaybolmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131l G\u00fcne\u015f Teknolojileri
\n1-D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck S\u0131cakl\u0131k Sistemleri
\nD\u00fczlemsel G\u00fcne\u015f Kolekt\u00f6rleri:\u00a0 G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini toplayan ve bir ak\u0131\u015fkana \u0131s\u0131 olarak aktaran \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcr ve bi\u00e7imlerdeki ayg\u0131tlard\u0131r. En \u00e7ok evlerde s\u0131cak su \u0131s\u0131tma amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k 70\u00b0C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. D\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri, \u00fcstten alta do\u011fru, camdan yap\u0131lan \u00fcst \u00f6rt\u00fc, cam ile absorban plaka aras\u0131nda yeterince bo\u015fluk, metal veya plastik absorban plaka, arka ve yan yal\u0131t\u0131m ve bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7ine alan bir kasadan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Absorban plakan\u0131n y\u00fczeyi genellikte koyu renkte olup bazen se\u00e7icili\u011fi art\u0131ran bir madde ile kaplan\u0131r. Kolekt\u00f6rler, y\u00f6renin enlemine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcne\u015fi maksimum alacak \u015fekilde, sabit bir a\u00e7\u0131yla yerle\u015ftirilirler. G\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rl\u00fc sistemler tabii dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 ve pompal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu sistemler evlerin yan\u0131nda, y\u00fczme havuzlar\u0131 ve sanayi tesisleri i\u00e7in de s\u0131cak su sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu konudaki Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrmekle birlikte, bu sistemler tamamen ticari ortama girmi\u015f durumdad\u0131rlar. D\u00fcnya genelinde kurulu bulunan g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6r\u00fc alan\u0131 30 milyon m2’nin \u00fczerindedir. En fazla g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6r\u00fc bulunan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00c7in, ABD, Japonya, Avustralya \u0130srail ve Yunanistan yer almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye 18 milyon m\u00b2 kurulu kolekt\u00f6r alan\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen \u00fclkelerinden biri konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Vakumlu G\u00fcne\u015f Kolekt\u00f6rleri:\u00a0 Bu sistemlerde, vakumlu cam borular ve gerekirse absorban y\u00fczeyine gelen enerjiyi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in metal ya da cam yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in (100- 120\u00b0C ), d\u00fczlemsel kolekt\u00f6rlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde ve ayr\u0131ca yiyecek dondurma, bina so\u011futma gibi daha geni\u015f bir yelpazede kullan\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f Havuzlar\u0131:\u00a0 Yakla\u015f\u0131k 5- 6 metre derinlikteki suyla kapl\u0131 havuzun siyah renkli zemini, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yakalayarak 90\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta s\u0131cak su eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Havuzdaki \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 suya eklenen tuz konsantrasyonu ile d\u00fczenlenir, tuz konsantrasyonu en \u00fcstten alta do\u011fru artar. B\u00f6ylece en \u00fcstte so\u011fuk su y\u00fczeyi bulunsa bile havuzun alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda doymu\u015f tuz konsantrasyonu bulunan b\u00f6lgede s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fcksek olur. Bu s\u0131cak su bir e\u015fanj\u00f6re pompalanarak \u0131s\u0131 olarak yararlan\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi Rankin \u00e7evrimi ile elektrik \u00fcretiminde de kullan\u0131labilinir. G\u00fcne\u015f havuzlar\u0131 konusunda en fazla \u0130srail’de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve uygulama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkede 150 kW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde 5 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde iki sistemin yan\u0131nda Avustralya’da 15 kW ve ABD’de 400 kW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde g\u00fcne\u015f havuzlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f Bacalar\u0131:\u00a0 Bu y\u00f6ntemde g\u00fcne\u015fin \u0131s\u0131 etkisinden dolay\u0131 olu\u015fan hava hareketinden yararlan\u0131larak elektrik \u00fcretilir. G\u00fcne\u015fe maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u015feffaf malzemeyle kapl\u0131 bir yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki toprak ve hava, \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Is\u0131nan hava y\u00fckselece\u011fi i\u00e7in, \u00e7at\u0131 e\u011fimli yap\u0131l\u0131p, hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir bacaya y\u00f6nlendirilirse baca i\u00e7inde 15 m\/sn h\u0131zda hava ak\u0131\u015f\u0131-r\u00fczgar olu\u015facakt\u0131r. Baca giri\u015fine yerle\u015ftirilecek yatay r\u00fczgar t\u00fcrbini bu r\u00fczgar\u0131 elektri\u011fe \u00e7evirecektir. Bir tesisin g\u00fcc\u00fc 30-100 MW aras\u0131nda olabilir. Deneysel bir ka\u00e7 sistem d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uygulamas\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n

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Su Ar\u0131tma Sistemleri:\u00a0 Bu sistemler esas olarak s\u0131\u011f bir havuzdan ibarettir. Havuzun \u00fczerine e\u011fimli \u015feffaf-cam y\u00fczeyler kapat\u0131l\u0131r. Havuzda buharla\u015fan su bu kapaklar \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015farak toplan\u0131rlar. Bu t\u00fcr sistemler, temiz su kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerlerinde y\u0131llard\u0131r kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Su ar\u0131tma havuzlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m ve i\u015fletme maliyetlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ve verimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f Mimarisi:\u00a0 Bina yap\u0131 ve tasar\u0131m\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle \u0131s\u0131tma, ayd\u0131nlatma ve so\u011futma ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Pasif olarak do\u011fal \u0131s\u0131 transfer mekanizmas\u0131yla g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi toplan\u0131r, depolan\u0131r ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri, fotovoltaik mod\u00fcller vb. aktif ekipmanlar da yararlan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

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\u00dcr\u00fcn Kurutma ve Seralar:\u00a0 G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin tar\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki uygulamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sistemler ilkel pasif yap\u0131da olabilece\u011fi gibi, hava hareketini sa\u011flayan aktif bile\u015fenler de i\u00e7erebilir. Bu sistemler d\u00fcnyada k\u0131rsal y\u00f6relerde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f Ocaklar\u0131:\u00a0 \u00c7anak \u015feklinde ya da kutu \u015feklinde, i\u00e7i yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 maddelerle kaplanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcne\u015f ocaklar\u0131nda odakta \u0131s\u0131 toplanarak yemek pi\u015firmede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem, Hindistan, \u00c7in gibi bir ka\u00e7 \u00fclkede yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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2-Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Sistemler
\nParabolik Oluk Kolekt\u00f6rler:\u00a0 Parabolik g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri di\u011fer termoelektrik teknolojilerine g\u00f6re en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan teknolojidir. Kolekt\u00f6rler, kesiti parabolik olan yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 dizilerden olu\u015fur. Kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyler, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini, kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn oda\u011f\u0131nda yer alan ve boydan boya uzanan siyah bir absorban boruya odaklarlar. Kolekt\u00f6rler genellikle, g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya hareketini izleyen tek eksenli bir izleme sistemi \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilirler. Enerjiyi toplamak i\u00e7in absorban boruda \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olarak \u0131s\u0131 transfer ya\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte, \u00e7evreye zarar vermeyen ve daha ucuz olan suyun kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. Toplanan \u0131s\u0131, elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in enerji santraline g\u00f6nderilir. Bu sistemlerde y\u00fcksek yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma kapasitesi sayesinde y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara (350- 400\u00b0C ) ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. MW ba\u015f\u0131na maliyet yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 5 Milyon \u20ac olup 35000 m2\/MW alan gerekmektedir. Do\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 termal sistemler ticari ortama girmi\u015f olup, bu sistemlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131 354 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Kramer&Junction eski Luz International santralidir.<\/p>\n

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Parabolik \u00c7anak Sistemler
\n\u0130ki eksende g\u00fcne\u015fi takip ederek, s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 odak noktas\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Termal enerji, odaklama b\u00f6lgesinden uygun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ile al\u0131narak, termodinamik bir dola\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6nderilebilir ya da odak b\u00f6lgesine monte edilen bir Stirling makine yard\u0131m\u0131 ile elektrik enerjisine \u00e7evrilir. \u00c7anak-Stirling bile\u015fimiyle g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde % 30 civar\u0131nda verime ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer teknolojilere g\u00f6re avantaj ve dezavantajlar\u0131;
\n\u2022 Noktasal odaklama yapan bu teknolojide termik kay\u0131p yoktur.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma oranlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak parabolik olukta 80 ve kule teknolojisinde 1000 iken, bu teknolojide 15000\u2019dir.
\n\u2022 \u00d6zel bir Stirling motor kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Az \u00fcretilen bu motor, i\u00e7inde receiver ve i\u00e7i helyum ve hidrojen dolu t\u00fcpleri bulundurmaktad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 10 kW i\u00e7in 1 milyon \u20ac\u2019luk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti ile olduk\u00e7a pahal\u0131 bir teknolojidir.<\/p>\n

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Merkezi Al\u0131c\u0131 Sistemler
\nTek tek odaklama yapan ve heliostat ad\u0131 verilen ve 100 m2 den daha b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fczeye sahip aynalar, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini, bir kule \u00fczerine monte edilmi\u015f Al\u0131c\u0131 denen (Reciever) y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 absorb katsay\u0131s\u0131na sahip \u0131s\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fcne yans\u0131t\u0131r ve yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131da bulunan ve i\u00e7inden \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 ge\u00e7en boru yuma\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta hacimsel olarak absorbe eder. Bu s\u0131v\u0131, Rankine makineye pompalanarak elektrik \u00fcretilir. Bu sistemlerde \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olarak s\u0131v\u0131 tuz veya hava kullan\u0131lmakta ve 800\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Heliostatlar bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli kontrol edilerek, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcne\u015f almas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu sistemlerin kapasite ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131, sanayi ile k\u0131yaslanabilir d\u00fczeyde olup Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 devam etmektedir. MW ba\u015f\u0131na maliyet yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 3,5-4,5 Milyon \u20ac olup 35000 m2\/MW alan gerekmektedir. Bu sistemlerin faaliyette olanlar\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 20 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Sevilla \u015fehrinde bulunan PS20 santralidir.<\/p>\n

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Fresnel Oluk Teknolojisi
\nDo\u011frusal Fresnel Oluk Teknolojisinde de prabolik oluk teknolojisi gibi do\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131r. Parabolik oluktan fark\u0131 ise al\u0131c\u0131 sabit bir y\u00fckseklikte olup yans\u0131tma i\u015flemi g\u00fcne\u015fi takip edebilen s\u0131ra s\u0131ra dizilmi\u015f d\u00fcz aynalarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Sistemde bulunan al\u0131c\u0131 (receiver) yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 aynalardan yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 m y\u00fcksekte bulunur. Bu y\u00fckseklik, optik verimin parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yans\u0131ma kay\u0131plar\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak termik verim de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parabolik oluk teknolojisine g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli olan bu sistemde, receiver y\u00fcksekli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek suretiyle verim art\u0131r\u0131labilir, ancak bu durumda da, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi toplama alan\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclece\u011finden daha \u00e7ok panel kullanmak gerekecektir. Bu da, maliyeti y\u00fckseltecek bir unsurdur. Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 aynalar\u0131n bir hizada olmalar\u0131 yerine, yandan boyuna bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda par\u00e7al\u0131 parabolik oluklu sisteme benzer bir kesit \u015feklinde dizilmesiyle de verim art\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada fresnel teknolojisi ile kurulan en b\u00fcy\u00fck tesis \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Murcia b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan 31,4 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Puerto Errad 1+2 santralidir.<\/p>\n

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Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi Sistemleri
\nG\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi uygulamalar\u0131nda d\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6r sistemlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6r sistemleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kavram ve tarifler, yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bununla birlikte yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6r teknolojisinin daha karma\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, yeni tariflerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n

Kolekt\u00f6rlerde g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc net alana ‘a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k alan\u0131’ ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yutularak \u0131s\u0131 enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fczeye ‘al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey’ denir. D\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rlerinde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k alan\u0131 ile al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey alan\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6rlerde ise g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeye gelmeden \u00f6nce optik olarak yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k alan\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131ran kolekt\u00f6rlerde en \u00f6nemli kavramlardan biri ‘yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma oran\u0131’ d\u0131r. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma oran\u0131; a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey alan\u0131na oran\u0131 \u015feklinde tarif edilir. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma oran\u0131, iki boyutlu yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larda (parabolik oluk) 300, \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131larda (parabolik \u00e7anak) 40000 mertebesindedir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011frusal Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar
\nParabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rler, do\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yapan ve kesiti parabolik olan dizilerden olu\u015fur. Olu\u011fun i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyler, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini paraboli\u011fin oda\u011f\u0131nda yer alan ve boydan boya uzanan siyah bir absorban boruya yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Orta derecede s\u0131cakl\u0131k isteyen uygulamalarda kullan\u0131lan bu sistemlerde, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi bir do\u011fru \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan tek boyutlu hareket ile g\u00fcne\u015fi izlemek yeterlidir.<\/p>\n

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Noktasal Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar
\n\u0130ki boyutta g\u00fcne\u015fi izleyip noktasal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yapan ve daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara ula\u015fan bu t\u00fcr sistemler, parabolik \u00e7anak ve merkezi al\u0131c\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parabolik \u00e7anak kollekt\u00f6rler iki eksende g\u00fcne\u015fi takip ederek s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fcne\u015fi odak noktas\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Merkezi al\u0131c\u0131 sistemde, tek tek odaklama yapan ve heliostat ad\u0131 verilen d\u00fczlemsel aynalardan olu\u015fan bir alan, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini, bir kule \u00fczerine monte edilmi\u015f ve al\u0131c\u0131 denilen \u0131s\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fcne yans\u0131t\u0131r. Heliostatlar bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilerek, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f almas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Sistemler \u0130le Elektrik \u00dcretimi
\nBug\u00fcne kadar g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ile elektrik \u00fcretiminde ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki sistem kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birincisi, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini direkt olarak elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren fotovoltaik sistemlerdir. Fakat son 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde fotovoltaik sistem uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, teknolojisinin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve maliyetinin y\u00fcksek olu\u015fu, geni\u015f \u00e7apta elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in yetersiz oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci se\u00e7enek ise, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 sistemler kullan\u0131larak odaklanmas\u0131 sonucunda elde edilen k\u0131zg\u0131n buhardan, konvansiyonel y\u00f6ntemlerle elektrik \u00fcretimidir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f termal g\u00fc\u00e7 santralleri, birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini kullanan elektrik \u00fcretim sistemleridir. Bu sistemler temelde ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakla birlikte, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini toplama y\u00f6ntemleri, yani kullan\u0131lan kolekt\u00f6rler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterirler. Toplama eleman\u0131 olarak parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 santrallerinde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 kolekt\u00f6rlerin odaklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan absorban boru i\u00e7erisinde dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra, \u0131s\u0131nan bu s\u0131v\u0131dan e\u015fanj\u00f6rler yard\u0131m\u0131 ile k\u0131zg\u0131n buhar elde edilir. Parabolik \u00e7anak kolekt\u00f6rler kullan\u0131lan sistemlerde de ya ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131l\u0131r ya da merkeze yerle\u015ftirilen bir motor ( Stirling ) yard\u0131m\u0131 ile direkt olarak elektrik \u00fcretilir. Merkezi al\u0131c\u0131l\u0131 sistemlerde ise, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 d\u00fczlemsel aynalar (heliostat) yard\u0131m\u0131 ile al\u0131c\u0131 denilen \u0131s\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fcne yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131da \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndan konvansiyonel yollarla elektrik elde edilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f Termal G\u00fc\u00e7 Santrallerinin Tasar\u0131m \u0130lkeleri
\nG\u00fcne\u015f termal g\u00fc\u00e7 santrallerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131nda dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken en \u00f6nemli parametreler \u015funlard\u0131r;
\n– B\u00f6lge se\u00e7imi,
\n– G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi ve iklim de\u011ferlendirmesi,
\n– Parametrelerin optimizasyonu,
\n– B\u00f6lge Se\u00e7imi.<\/p>\n

Santral\u0131n tesis edilece\u011fi ideal b\u00f6lge se\u00e7ilirken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kriterler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n– Y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131,
\n– Bulutsuz ve sissiz bir atmosfere sahip olmas\u0131,
\n– Hava kirlili\u011fin olmamas\u0131,
\n– Ormanl\u0131k ve a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerden uzak olmas\u0131,
\n– R\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi ve \u0130klim De\u011ferlendirmesi
\nSantral\u0131n tesis edilece\u011fi b\u00f6lgenin, y\u0131lda en az 2000 saat g\u00fcne\u015flenme s\u00fcresine ve metrekare ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k l500 kWh’l\u0131k bir g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi de\u011ferine sahip olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Ayr\u0131ca, 4 saatlik g\u00fcne\u015flenme s\u00fcresine sahip g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 150 den az olmamas\u0131 gereklidir. Yukar\u0131daki \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir b\u00f6lgede santral tasar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Uzun D\u00f6nem Performans De\u011ferlendirmesi
\nYo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6rlerin uzun d\u00f6nem performans de\u011ferlendirmesi i\u00e7in saatlik direkt g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerden elde edilemedi\u011fi zaman, bir model yard\u0131m\u0131 ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck toplam g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi de\u011ferlerinden elde edilmelidir. Co\u011frafi b\u00f6lge ve kolekt\u00f6r se\u00e7iminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda uzun d\u00f6nem y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi de\u011ferlerinden faydalan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferler ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik analiz i\u00e7in de gereklidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130zleme Mod\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn Se\u00e7imi
\nDo\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kolekt\u00f6rler, Kuzey-G\u00fcney veya Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yerle\u015ftirilebilir. Y\u00f6n se\u00e7ilirken, maksimum g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin hangi do\u011frultuda al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak yerle\u015ftirme yap\u0131l\u0131r. Genelde Kuzey-G\u00fcney do\u011frultusunda yerle\u015ftirmekle en iyi sonu\u00e7 elde edilir.<\/p>\n

Parametrelerinin Optimizasyonu
\nDo\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yapan ve \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olarak termal ya\u011f kullan\u0131lan sistemlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma parametrelerinin optimizasyonu i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kriterler dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131 Transfer Ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Se\u00e7imi: G\u00fcne\u015f termal g\u00fc\u00e7 santralinin verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, uygun \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistem par\u00e7alar\u0131, 0 \u00f8C ile 300 \u00f8C aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgalanmalar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle g\u00fc\u00e7 santrallerinde kullan\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6zellikler aran\u0131r:
\n– Y\u00fcksek yanma noktas\u0131(500 \u00b0C ‘\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde)
\n– D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck buharla\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131
\n– D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda y\u00fcksek ak\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k
\n– Y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluk
\n– Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda(300 \u00b0C) s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilme<\/p>\n

Bu kriterlerin hepsini sa\u011flayan bir ya\u011fda ayr\u0131ca 0oC ve 300oC aras\u0131nda bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmesinin minimum olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131n\u00e7 D\u00fc\u015fmesi
\n\u0130\u015fletme bas\u0131nc\u0131; santral\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma parametrelerinden biridir. \u0130\u015fletme bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n maksimum ve minimum de\u011ferleri, i\u015fletme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n maksimum ve minimum de\u011ferleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r. Bu bas\u0131nc\u0131n alt limiti \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek bir de\u011ferde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Boru Boyutland\u0131rmas\u0131
\nSistemdeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n sirk\u00fclasyonu i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan boru \u015febekesi, absorban borulardan ve esnek hortumlardan olu\u015fur. Kolekt\u00f6rlerdeki absorban borular sabittir. Fakat kollekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan esnek hortumlar hareketli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in uygun olarak boyutland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Borular\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ak\u0131\u015fkan h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. H\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile artan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131 maliyeti olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler. Bunun i\u00e7in boru \u00e7ap\u0131 belirlenirken, sistem bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn minimum olmas\u0131na ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletme maliyetini minimum seviyeye getirmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Kapasite Se\u00e7imi
\nSistemdeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n sirk\u00fclasyonu i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan boru \u015febekesi, absorban borulardan ve esnek hortumlardan olu\u015fur. Kolekt\u00f6rlerdeki absorban borular sabittir. Fakat kollekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan esnek hortumlar hareketli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in uygun olarak boyutland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Borular\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ak\u0131\u015fkan h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. H\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile artan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131 maliyeti olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler. Bunun i\u00e7in boru \u00e7ap\u0131 belirlenirken, sistem bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn minimum olmas\u0131na ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletme maliyetini minimum seviyeye getirmesine dikkat edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Korozyon
\nSistemin \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 minimum seviyeye getirirken prosesin oldu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131mlar ve kolekt\u00f6rler korozyondan korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ekipman i\u00e7inde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na izin verilen buhar\u0131n, \u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirgecinde \u0131slak buhar korozyonuna neden olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, s\u00fcper \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131larda k\u0131zg\u0131n buhar haline getirilir.<\/p>\n

Parabolik Oluk Konnekt\u00f6rler
\nParabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 santralleri, g\u00fcne\u015f tarlas\u0131, buhar ve elektrik \u00fcretim sistemlerinden olu\u015fur. Bu santrallerde proses \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in, do\u011frusal yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131larak, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden 300 \u00f8C’nin \u00fczerinde s\u0131cakl\u0131k elde edilir ve \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olarak y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 termal ya\u011f kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f tarlas\u0131; ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fcniteler \u015feklinde birbirine paralel ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6r gruplar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan aland\u0131r. Bu \u00fcniteler, gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini 4 mm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve y\u00fcksek yans\u0131tma oran\u0131na (% 94) sahip aynalar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, odakta bulunan al\u0131c\u0131 boru \u00fczerine yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. Parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rler gruplar\u0131 yatay eksen boyunca d\u00f6nmelerini engellemeyen metal yap\u0131larla desteklenmi\u015ftir. Sistemde aynalar\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fi izlemesini sa\u011flayan bir sens\u00f6r bulunur.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131 toplama eleman\u0131; cam t\u00fcp, y\u00fczeyi yakla\u015f\u0131k % 97 lik bir absorbtiviteye sahip \u00e7elik al\u0131c\u0131 boru ve cam-metal birle\u015ftiricilerden olu\u015fur. Al\u0131c\u0131 boru \u00fczerinde meydana gelen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle olu\u015fan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in, cam t\u00fcp ile al\u0131c\u0131 boru aras\u0131ndaki hava vakumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bo\u015fluk bas\u0131nc\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 0.1 atm dir. Is\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 cam t\u00fcp, y\u00fcksek bir ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fe ve radyasyon kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirgemek i\u00e7in antireflektif bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle meydana gelen genle\u015fmelerin etkilerini gidermek i\u00e7in k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fc cam-metal birle\u015ftiriciler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f tarlas\u0131 kontrol sistemi; genel kontrol sistemi ve her kolekt\u00f6r grubunda bulunan lokal kontrol \u00fcnitelerinden olu\u015fur. Genel kontrol sistemi g\u00fcne\u015flenme durumunu izler ve buna g\u00f6re sistemi tamamen ya da k\u0131smen a\u00e7ar ya da kapat\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem, lokal kontrol \u00fcniteleriyle ileti\u015fim i\u00e7inde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Lokal kontrol \u00fcniteleri, her kolekt\u00f6r grubunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kontrol ederek g\u00fcne\u015fin takip edilmesini sa\u011flarlar.<\/p>\n

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Buhar \u00fcretim sistemi; \u00f6n \u0131s\u0131tma, buhar \u00fcretimi ve s\u00fcper \u0131s\u0131tma b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden olu\u015fur. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden ge\u00e7irilerek 371 o C ve 100 bar bas\u0131nca y\u00fckseltilen buhar, elektrik \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in t\u00fcrbine g\u00f6nderilir. \u00dcretimden sonra yeterince so\u011fumayan buhar, yeni bir \u00e7evrime g\u00f6nderilmeden, yeniden ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve tekrar t\u00fcrbine g\u00f6nderilir. Bu ikinci \u00e7evrimden sonra art\u0131k so\u011fuyan buhar, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p s\u0131v\u0131 hale getirildikten sonra yeni bir \u00e7evrime g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjili g\u00fc\u00e7 santrallerinde, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, kesintisiz elektrik \u00fcretimini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ilave \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Petrolle ya da do\u011fal gazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilave \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar, ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7ta buhar \u00fcretirler. \u015eekilde gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin elektri\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ka\u00e7aklar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Parabolik Oluk Elektrik Santrallerinde Elektrik Verimi
\nSEGS teknolojisi, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini birincil enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullanan Rankin \u00e7evrimli buhar t\u00fcrbin sistemine dayan\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f Santral\u0131, parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6r gruplar\u0131ndan (Solar Collecting Assemblies-SCA) meydana gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcne\u015fi iki boyutlu olarak takip eden ve yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 odaklayarak \u00e7elik boru \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131ran kolekt\u00f6rler, kolonlar \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f olup, esnek hortumlarla birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Verimi artt\u0131rmak ve \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeye getirmek i\u00e7in, absorban olarak kullan\u0131lan ve \u00f6zel bir madde ile kapl\u0131 olan bu \u00e7elik boru, i\u00e7i vakumlanm\u0131\u015f cam bir t\u00fcp i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Borular\u0131n i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7irilen \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 (sentetik ya\u011f), 390 o C civar\u0131na kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve sistem boyunca dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak t\u00fcrbin jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli olan buhar \u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yetersiz oldu\u011fu zamanlarda, kesintisiz enerji \u00fcretimini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, do\u011fal gazl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 sistem kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin yeterli, yetersiz veya hi\u00e7 olmama durumuna g\u00f6re sistem \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f enerjinin yeterli oldu\u011fu durumlarda, \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 do\u011frudan g\u00fcne\u015f tarlas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Yetersiz veya hi\u00e7 olmama durumlar\u0131nda ise do\u011fal gazl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131larla desteklenir veya tamamen bu \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar devreye sokulur. Her iki enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda, hem g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden hem do\u011fal gazdan yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in by-pass valf\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durumda g\u00fcne\u015f tarlas\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nan s\u0131v\u0131, destek \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ncaya kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parabolik \u00c7anak Konnekt\u00f6rler
\nParabolik \u00e7anak kolekt\u00f6rler, y\u00fczeylerine gelen g\u00fcne\u015f radyasyonunu noktasal olarak odaklar\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu kolekt\u00f6rlerin y\u00fczeyleri de parabolik oluk kolekt\u00f6rlerin y\u00fczeyleri gibi yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 aynalarla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gelen g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi bu aynalar vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile odaktaki Stirling motoru \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Stirling motoru \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini elektrik jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli olan mekanik enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Elektrik \u00fcretiminden ba\u015fka, bu kolekt\u00f6rler buhar ya da s\u0131cak hava \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parabolik \u00e7anak kolekt\u00f6rler ile elde edilen elektrik, di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemlerle elektrik \u00fcreten santrallere destek amac\u0131yla ve maden ocaklar\u0131, radar istasyonlar\u0131 ya da uzak k\u00f6ylerin elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, end\u00fcstride buhar \u00fcretimi, yer alt\u0131 enjeksiyonu, petrol \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi i\u015flemler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu santraller, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mod\u00fcllerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in enerji ihtiyac\u0131 duyulan yerlerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda ve ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kapasitede tesis edilebilirler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uygulamalar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hen\u00fcz ekonomik olmayan parabolik \u00e7anak kolekt\u00f6rl\u00fc sistemlerin ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ama\u00e7, birim alan maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek ve verimini art\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Merkezi Al\u0131c\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7 Santralleri
\nG\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rarak elektrik \u00fcreten di\u011fer bir uygulama da merkezi al\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 santralleridir. Bu santrallerde g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, heliostat denen aynalar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile bir kule \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan al\u0131c\u0131ya yans\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Bu yolla 1000 Co’nin \u00fczerinde s\u0131cakl\u0131k elde edilir. Heliostatlar, merkezi bir bilgisayar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile g\u00fcne\u015fi takip ederek g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini kule \u00fczerindeki al\u0131c\u0131ya yans\u0131t\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Al\u0131c\u0131da \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan ak\u0131\u015fkan, buhar jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilerek buhar \u00fcretilir. Bu buhar, buhar t\u00fcrbininden ge\u00e7irilerek elektrik \u00fcretilir. Bu \u00e7evrimden sonra buhar, kondansat\u00f6rde so\u011futma suyu \u00e7evrimi ile so\u011futulur ve tekrar buhar jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcne d\u00f6ner. Is\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 buhar jenerat\u00f6r\u00fcnden ge\u00e7tikten sonra al\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f Kollekt\u00f6rl\u00fc S\u0131cak Su Sistemleri
\nG\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rl\u00fc s\u0131cak su sistemleri, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini toplayan d\u00fczlemsel kolekt\u00f6rler, \u0131s\u0131nan suyun topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 depo ve bu iki k\u0131s\u0131m aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan yal\u0131t\u0131ml\u0131 borular, pompa ve kontrol edici gibi sistemi tamamlayan elemanlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rl\u00fc sistemler tabii dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 ve pompal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Her iki sistem de ayr\u0131ca a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 sistem olarak dizayn edilirler.<\/p>\n

Tabii Dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 Sistemler:\u00a0 Tabii dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 sistemler \u0131s\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n kendili\u011finden dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemlerdir. Kolekt\u00f6rlerde \u0131s\u0131nan suyun yo\u011funlu\u011funun azalmas\u0131 ve y\u00fckselmesi \u00f6zelli\u011fine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sistemlerde depo kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00fcst seviyesinden en az 30 cm yukar\u0131da olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Deponun alt seviyesinden al\u0131nan so\u011fuk (a\u011f\u0131r) su kolekt\u00f6rlerde \u0131s\u0131narak hafifler ve deponun \u00fcst seviyesine y\u00fckselir. G\u00fcn boyu devam eden bu olay sonunda depodaki su \u0131s\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Tabii dola\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 sistemler daha \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarda su ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulan\u0131r. Deponun yukar\u0131da bulunmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck sistemlerde uygulanamazlar. Pompa ve otomatik kontrol devresi gerektirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in pompal\u0131 sistemlere g\u00f6re biraz daha ucuzdur.<\/p>\n

Pompal\u0131 Sistemler:\u00a0 Is\u0131 transfer ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n sistemde pompa ile dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemlerdir. Deposunun yukar\u0131da olma zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. B\u00fcy\u00fck sistemlerde su hatlar\u0131ndaki direncin artmas\u0131 sonucu tabii dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n olmamas\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deponun yukar\u0131da tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu nedeniyle pompa kullanma zorunlulu\u011fu do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k Sistemler:\u00a0 A\u00e7\u0131k sistemler kullan\u0131m suyu ile kolekt\u00f6rlerde dola\u015fan suyun ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu sistemlerdir. Kapal\u0131 sistemlere g\u00f6re verimleri y\u00fcksek ve maliyeti ucuzdur. Suyu kire\u00e7siz ve donma problemlerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kapal\u0131 Sistemler:\u00a0 Kullan\u0131m suyu ile \u0131s\u0131tma suyunun farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu sistemlerdir. Kolekt\u00f6rlerde \u0131s\u0131nan su bir e\u015fanj\u00f6r vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131m suyuna aktar\u0131r. Donma, kire\u00e7lenme ve korozyona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Maliyeti a\u00e7\u0131k sistemlere g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek verimleri ise e\u015fanj\u00f6r nedeniyle daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczlemsel G\u00fcne\u015f Kollekt\u00f6rleri
\nD\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve herhangi bir ak\u0131\u015fkana aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcr ve bi\u00e7imlerdeki ayg\u0131tlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczlemsel g\u00fcne\u015f kolekt\u00f6rleri, \u00fcstten alta do\u011fru, camdan yap\u0131lan \u00fcst \u00f6rt\u00fc, cam ile absorban plaka aras\u0131nda yeterince bo\u015fluk, kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli par\u00e7as\u0131 olan absorban plaka, arka ve yan yal\u0131t\u0131m ve yukar\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7ine alan bir kasadan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00dcst \u00d6rt\u00fc:\u00a0 Kolekt\u00f6rlerin \u00fcstten olan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirgeyen ve g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fini engellemeyen bir maddeden olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Cam, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmesi ve ayr\u0131ca absorban plakadan yay\u0131nlanan uzun dalga boylu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 geri yans\u0131tmas\u0131 nedeni ile \u00f6rt\u00fc maddesi olarak son derece uygun bir maddedir. Bilinen pencere cam\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irme katsay\u0131s\u0131 0.88’dir. Son zamanlarda \u00f6zel olarak \u00fcretilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck demir oksitli camlarda bu de\u011fer 0.95 seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr cam kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 verimi %5 mertebesinde artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Absorban Plaka:\u00a0 Absorban plaka kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, absorban plaka taraf\u0131ndan yutularak \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve sistemde dola\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131ya aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Absorban plaka, borular ile s\u0131k\u0131 temas halinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Al\u00fcminyumda oldu\u011fu gibi, ak\u0131\u015fkan borular\u0131n\u0131n kanatlarla bir b\u00fct\u00fcn te\u015fkil etmesi en iyi durumdur. Bak\u0131r ve sacda bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ak\u0131\u015fkan borular\u0131 ile plakan\u0131n birbirine temas problemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu problem ya tamamen ya da belli aral\u0131klarla lehim veya kaynak yapmakla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Is\u0131 Yal\u0131t\u0131m:\u00a0 Kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn arkadan olan \u0131s\u0131 kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 minimuma indirmek i\u00e7in absorban plaka ile kasa aras\u0131 uygun bir yal\u0131t\u0131m maddesi ile yal\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Absorban plaka s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kolekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bo\u015f kalmas\u0131 durumunda 150 \u00b0C’a kadar \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle kullan\u0131lacak olan yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemesinin s\u0131cak yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemesi olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Is\u0131 iletim katsay\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve so\u011fuk yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemesi olarak bilinen poli\u00fcretan k\u00f6kenli yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemeleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemeleri, absorban plakaya bakan taraf\u0131 s\u0131cak yal\u0131t\u0131m malzemesi ile takviye edilerek kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak: YEGM<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in Turkish. For the sake of viewer convenience, the content is shown below in the alternative language. You may click the link to switch the active language. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, g\u00fcne\u015fin \u00e7ekirde\u011finde yer alan f\u00fczyon s\u00fcreci ile (hidrojen gaz\u0131n\u0131n helyuma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi) a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131ma enerjisidir. D\u00fcnya atmosferinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3731,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3745"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3745"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3762,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3745\/revisions\/3762"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enerjigazetesi.ist\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}